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07
Oct
11-Linux基础-vim编辑器
<p class="MsoNormal"><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:11.0pt;">vim</span></b><b><span style="font-size:12.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:11.0pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">编辑器</span></b><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:11.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US">vi (visual interface):vi</span><span style="font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">是一个文本编辑器</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"> </span><span style="font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">文本：</span><span lang="EN-US">ASCII</span><span style="font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">码，美国国家信息标准交换代码</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"> unicode</span><span style="font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">国际通用的编码方式，</span><span lang="EN-US">utf8</span><span style="font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">为</span><span lang="EN-US">unicode</span><span style="font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">中的一种编码方式</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family:仿宋;mso-font-kerning:0pt;">·但凡是纯文本编辑时，都可以使用<span lang="EN-US">vim</span>进行编辑</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family:仿宋;mso-font-kerning:0pt;">·种类<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:仿宋;mso-font-kerning:0pt;"> </span><span style="font-family:仿宋;mso-font-kerning:0pt;">行编辑器：<span lang="EN-US">sed<o:p></o:p></span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:仿宋;mso-font-kerning:0pt;"> </span><span style="font-family:仿宋;mso-font-kerning:0pt;">全屏编辑器：<span lang="EN-US">nano</span>，<span lang="EN-US">vi<o:p></o:p></span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family:仿宋;mso-font-kerning:0pt;">·<span lang="EN-US">vim</span>是<span lang="EN-US">vi</span>的增强版，<span lang="EN-US">vi</span>在嵌入式中应用较多<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family:仿宋;mso-font-kerning:0pt;">·<span lang="EN-US">vim</span>是一个模式化的编辑器<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:仿宋;mso-font-kerning:0pt;"> </span><span style="font-family:仿宋;mso-font-kerning:0pt;">命令模式<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:仿宋;mso-font-kerning:0pt;"> </span><span style="font-family:仿宋;mso-font-kerning:0pt;">插入模式<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:仿宋;mso-font-kerning:0pt;"> </span><span style="font-family:仿宋;mso-font-kerning:0pt;">末行模式<span lang="EN-US">(vim</span>内置的命令接口<span lang="EN-US">)<o:p></o:p></span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family:仿宋;mso-font-kerning:0pt;">·当我们使用<span lang="EN-US">vi/vim</span>编辑文档时，会有一个临时文档<span lang="EN-US">(</span>隐藏文件<span lang="EN-US">)</span>在目录中生成，目的是防止系统或程序意外崩溃，保存编辑的信息，并不会写入源文件<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:仿宋;mso-font-kerning:0pt;"> </span><span style="font-family:仿宋;mso-font-kerning:0pt;">出现打开文件报错的时候，我们可以选择删除<span lang="EN-US">.*.swap</span>临时文件再编辑文档。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:仿宋;mso-font-kerning:0pt;"> </span><span style="font-family:仿宋;mso-font-kerning:0pt;">文档编辑时的不征程退出也可能到导致临时文件的存留，当再次打开文件时会报错，删除即可。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:仿宋;mso-font-kerning:0pt;"> ~]#vim #</span><span style="font-family:仿宋;mso-font-kerning:0pt;">欢迎信息与文件内容无关<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:仿宋;mso-font-kerning:0pt;"> ~]#vim [opyion] file1 file2file3....<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"> +NUM </span><span style="font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">打开文件时让光标处于指定行的行首</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"> +/PATTERN </span><span style="font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">打开文件后定位到被模式第一次匹配行行首</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"> + </span><span style="font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">打开文件后，直接出现在行尾</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family:仿宋;mso-font-kerning:0pt;">·<span lang="EN-US">vim</span>模式间的转换<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent:10.5pt;mso-char-indent-count:1.0;"><span style="font-family:仿宋;mso-font-kerning:0pt;">命令模式<span lang="EN-US">--></span>插入模式<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"> i</span><span style="font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">在当前光标前插入</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"> I</span><span style="font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">在当前光标所在行行首插入</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"> a</span><span style="font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">在当前光标后插入</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"> A</span><span style="font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">在当前光标所在行行尾追加</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"> o</span><span style="font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">在当前光标所在行的下新建一行</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"> O</span><span style="font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">在当前光标所在行的上方新建一行</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"> </span><span style="font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">插入模式</span><span lang="EN-US">--></span><span style="font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">命令模式</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"> Esc</span><span style="font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">键</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"> </span><span style="font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">命令模式</span><span lang="EN-US">--></span><span style="font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">末行模式</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"> </span><span style="font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">输入冒号</span><span lang="EN-US">":" </span><span style="font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">进入末行模式后需输入相应的命令</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family:仿宋;mso-font-kerning:0pt;">·末行模式下文件的操作<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:仿宋;mso-font-kerning:0pt;"> :q </span><span style="font-family:仿宋;mso-font-kerning:0pt;">退出<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:仿宋;mso-font-kerning:0pt;"> :q! </span><span style="font-family:仿宋;mso-font-kerning:0pt;">强制退出，丢弃做出的决定<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:仿宋;mso-font-kerning:0pt;"> :wq </span><span style="font-family:仿宋;mso-font-kerning:0pt;">保存并退出<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:仿宋;mso-font-kerning:0pt;"> :x </span><span style="font-family:仿宋;mso-font-kerning:0pt;">保存并退出<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:仿宋;mso-font-kerning:0pt;"> :w </span><span style="font-family:仿宋;mso-font-kerning:0pt;">保存文件至当前文件<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:仿宋;mso-font-kerning:0pt;"> :w /PATH/TO/SOMEWHERE </span><span style="font-family:仿宋;mso-font-kerning:0pt;">将文档所有内容保存到指定位置<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:仿宋;mso-font-kerning:0pt;"> ZZ </span><span style="font-family:仿宋;mso-font-kerning:0pt;">保存退出<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:仿宋;mso-font-kerning:0pt;"> </span><span style="font-family:仿宋;mso-font-kerning:0pt;">·光标跳转<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:仿宋;mso-font-kerning:0pt;"> </span><span style="font-family:仿宋;mso-font-kerning:0pt;">字符间跳转：<span lang="EN-US">H(</span>左<span lang="EN-US">) J(</span>下<span lang="EN-US">) K(</span>上<span lang="EN-US">) L(</span>右<span lang="EN-US">)<o:p></o:p></span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:仿宋;mso-font-kerning:0pt;"> </span><span style="font-family:仿宋;mso-font-kerning:0pt;">支持<span lang="EN-US">#COMMAND #</span>指定跳转的字符<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:仿宋;mso-font-kerning:0pt;"> </span><span style="font-family:仿宋;mso-font-kerning:0pt;">·单词间跳转<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:仿宋;mso-font-kerning:0pt;"> w </span><span style="font-family:仿宋;mso-font-kerning:0pt;">下一个单词的词首<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:仿宋;mso-font-kerning:0pt;"> b </span><span style="font-family:仿宋;mso-font-kerning:0pt;">当前或上一个单词的词首<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:仿宋;mso-font-kerning:0pt;"> e </span><span style="font-family:仿宋;mso-font-kerning:0pt;">当前或下一个单词的词尾<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:仿宋;mso-font-kerning:0pt;"> #COMMAND #</span><span style="font-family:仿宋;mso-font-kerning:0pt;">支持跳转指定单词数<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:仿宋;mso-font-kerning:0pt;"> </span><span style="font-family:仿宋;mso-font-kerning:0pt;">·行首行尾跳转<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:仿宋;mso-font-kerning:0pt;"> ^ </span><span style="font-family:仿宋;mso-font-kerning:0pt;">跳转至行首第一个非空白字符<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:仿宋;mso-font-kerning:0pt;"> 0 </span><span style="font-family:仿宋;mso-font-kerning:0pt;">跳转至绝对行首<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:仿宋;mso-font-kerning:0pt;"> $ </span><span style="font-family:仿宋;mso-font-kerning:0pt;">跳转至绝对行尾<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:仿宋;mso-font-kerning:0pt;"> </span><span style="font-family:仿宋;mso-font-kerning:0pt;">·行间移动<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:仿宋;mso-font-kerning:0pt;"> #G </span><span style="font-family:仿宋;mso-font-kerning:0pt;">跳转至指定行<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:仿宋;mso-font-kerning:0pt;"> G </span><span style="font-family:仿宋;mso-font-kerning:0pt;">跳转至最后一行<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:仿宋;mso-font-kerning:0pt;"> gg/1G </span><span style="font-family:仿宋;mso-font-kerning:0pt;">跳转至行首<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"> </span><span style="font-family:仿宋;mso-font-kerning:0pt;">·句间移动<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:仿宋;mso-font-kerning:0pt;"> ) </span><span style="font-family:仿宋;mso-font-kerning:0pt;">下一句<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:仿宋;mso-font-kerning:0pt;"> ( </span><span style="font-family:仿宋;mso-font-kerning:0pt;">上一句<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:仿宋;mso-font-kerning:0pt;"> </span><span style="font-family:仿宋;mso-font-kerning:0pt;">·段落间移动<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:仿宋;mso-font-kerning:0pt;"> } </span><span style="font-family:仿宋;mso-font-kerning:0pt;">下一段<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:仿宋;mso-font-kerning:0pt;"> { </span><span style="font-family:仿宋;mso-font-kerning:0pt;">上一段<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:11.0pt;font-family:仿宋;mso-font-kerning:0pt;">vim</span></b><b><span style="font-size:12.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:11.0pt;font-family:仿宋;mso-font-kerning:0pt;">编辑命令（命令模式）<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:仿宋;mso-font-kerning:0pt;"> </span><span style="font-family:仿宋;mso-font-kerning:0pt;">·字符编辑<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:仿宋;mso-font-kerning:0pt;"> x </span><span style="font-family:仿宋;mso-font-kerning:0pt;">删除光标处的字符<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:仿宋;mso-font-kerning:0pt;"> #x </span><span style="font-family:仿宋;mso-font-kerning:0pt;">删除光标处开始的指定个字符<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:仿宋;mso-font-kerning:0pt;"> xp </span><span style="font-family:仿宋;mso-font-kerning:0pt;">删除当前字符，粘贴在当前字符<span lang="EN-US">(</span>当前字符已改变<span lang="EN-US">)</span>的后面，交换光标所在处及其后面字符的位置。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:仿宋;mso-font-kerning:0pt;"> </span><span style="font-family:仿宋;mso-font-kerning:0pt;">·删除命令（删除的内容是保存在缓冲区内的，因此可以撤销，但是只能粘贴最近一次删除的内容）<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:仿宋;mso-font-kerning:0pt;"> d </span><span style="font-family:仿宋;mso-font-kerning:0pt;">需要结合光标跳转字符使用，即删除命令执行后光标移动的距离<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:仿宋;mso-font-kerning:0pt;"> d$ </span><span style="font-family:仿宋;mso-font-kerning:0pt;">删除光标至行尾的内容，<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:仿宋;mso-font-kerning:0pt;"> d0 </span><span style="font-family:仿宋;mso-font-kerning:0pt;">删除光标处至行首的内容<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:仿宋;mso-font-kerning:0pt;"> d^ </span><span style="font-family:仿宋;mso-font-kerning:0pt;">删除光标到行首的第一个非空白字符<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:仿宋;mso-font-kerning:0pt;"> d#w/dw '#'</span><span style="font-family:仿宋;mso-font-kerning:0pt;">为删除的单词数，即光标掠过的单词<span lang="EN-US">,</span>删除光标后<span lang="EN-US">n</span>个单词，当前单词不计算在内<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:仿宋;mso-font-kerning:0pt;"> d#b/db </span><span style="font-family:仿宋;mso-font-kerning:0pt;">删除光标前指定的单词数<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:仿宋;mso-font-kerning:0pt;"> d#e/de </span><span style="font-family:仿宋;mso-font-kerning:0pt;">删除光标后的指定单词数，当前单词计算在内<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:仿宋;mso-font-kerning:0pt;"> dd </span><span style="font-family:仿宋;mso-font-kerning:0pt;">删除光标所在行<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:仿宋;mso-font-kerning:0pt;"> D </span><span style="font-family:仿宋;mso-font-kerning:0pt;">删除光标所在行的所有字符（仅删除行中的字符）<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:仿宋;mso-font-kerning:0pt;"> </span><span style="font-family:仿宋;mso-font-kerning:0pt;">·粘贴命令<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:仿宋;mso-font-kerning:0pt;"> </span><span style="font-family:仿宋;mso-font-kerning:0pt;">粘贴的方式取决于当前缓冲区内为整行还是非整行<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent:21.0pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:仿宋;mso-font-kerning:0pt;">p(</span><span style="font-family:仿宋;mso-font-kerning:0pt;">小）<span lang="EN-US"> put</span>、<span lang="EN-US">paste<o:p></o:p></span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:仿宋;mso-font-kerning:0pt;"> </span><span style="font-family:仿宋;mso-font-kerning:0pt;">整行：粘贴至当前光标所在行行下<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:仿宋;mso-font-kerning:0pt;"> </span><span style="font-family:仿宋;mso-font-kerning:0pt;">非整行：粘贴至当前光标所在字符后<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:仿宋;mso-font-kerning:0pt;"> P(</span><span style="font-family:仿宋;mso-font-kerning:0pt;">大<span lang="EN-US">)<o:p></o:p></span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:仿宋;mso-font-kerning:0pt;"> </span><span style="font-family:仿宋;mso-font-kerning:0pt;">整行<span lang="EN-US">:</span>粘贴至当前光标所在行上<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:仿宋;mso-font-kerning:0pt;"> </span><span style="font-family:仿宋;mso-font-kerning:0pt;">非整行：粘贴至当前光标所在字符前<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:仿宋;mso-font-kerning:0pt;"> </span><span style="font-family:仿宋;mso-font-kerning:0pt;">·复制命令<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:仿宋;mso-font-kerning:0pt;"> y$ </span><span style="font-family:仿宋;mso-font-kerning:0pt;">从当前光标处复制到行尾<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:仿宋;mso-font-kerning:0pt;"> y^ </span><span style="font-family:仿宋;mso-font-kerning:0pt;">从当前光标处复制到行首的第一个非空白字符<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:仿宋;mso-font-kerning:0pt;"> y0 </span><span style="font-family:仿宋;mso-font-kerning:0pt;">从当前光标处复制到绝对行首<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:仿宋;mso-font-kerning:0pt;"> yy </span><span style="font-family:仿宋;mso-font-kerning:0pt;">复制一整行<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:仿宋;mso-font-kerning:0pt;"> #yy </span><span style="font-family:仿宋;mso-font-kerning:0pt;">复制从当前行开始的向下指定行数<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:仿宋;mso-font-kerning:0pt;"> </span><span style="font-family:仿宋;mso-font-kerning:0pt;">·改变命令：<span lang="EN-US">c(change)<o:p></o:p></span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:仿宋;mso-font-kerning:0pt;"> c </span><span style="font-family:仿宋;mso-font-kerning:0pt;">删除光标所在处内容并进入插入模式，配合字符跳转字符使用<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:仿宋;mso-font-kerning:0pt;"> c$ </span><span style="font-family:仿宋;mso-font-kerning:0pt;">删除光标处至行尾的内容并进入插入模式<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:仿宋;mso-font-kerning:0pt;"> c^ </span><span style="font-family:仿宋;mso-font-kerning:0pt;">删除光标处至行尾的第一个非空白字符，并进入插入模式<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:仿宋;mso-font-kerning:0pt;"> c0 </span><span style="font-family:仿宋;mso-font-kerning:0pt;">删除光标处至绝对行首，并进入插入模式<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:仿宋;mso-font-kerning:0pt;"> cc </span><span style="font-family:仿宋;mso-font-kerning:0pt;">删除整行并进入插入模式<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:仿宋;mso-font-kerning:0pt;"> #cc </span><span style="font-family:仿宋;mso-font-kerning:0pt;">删除指定的多行并进入插入模式<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:仿宋;mso-font-kerning:0pt;"> </span><span style="font-family:仿宋;mso-font-kerning:0pt;">·替换：<span lang="EN-US">r<o:p></o:p></span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:仿宋;mso-font-kerning:0pt;"> r </span><span style="font-family:仿宋;mso-font-kerning:0pt;">替换光标处的字符<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:仿宋;mso-font-kerning:0pt;"> R </span><span style="font-family:仿宋;mso-font-kerning:0pt;">进入替换模式<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:仿宋;mso-font-kerning:0pt;"> </span><span style="font-family:仿宋;mso-font-kerning:0pt;">·撤销此前的操作（在没有使用<span lang="EN-US">w</span>保存的时候）<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:仿宋;mso-font-kerning:0pt;"> u </span><span style="font-family:仿宋;mso-font-kerning:0pt;">（<span lang="EN-US">undo</span>）撤销此前的操作，保存在内存的缓冲区，默认保存<span lang="EN-US">50</span>次操作<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:仿宋;mso-font-kerning:0pt;"> </span><span style="font-family:仿宋;mso-font-kerning:0pt;">·反撤销（恢复此前的撤销）<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:仿宋;mso-font-kerning:0pt;"> Ctrl+r<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:仿宋;mso-font-kerning:0pt;"> "." </span><span style="font-family:仿宋;mso-font-kerning:0pt;">重复上一次的操作<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:仿宋;mso-font-kerning:0pt;"> </span><span style="font-family:仿宋;mso-font-kerning:0pt;">·翻屏操作：<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:仿宋;mso-font-kerning:0pt;"> ctrl+f </span><span style="font-family:仿宋;mso-font-kerning:0pt;">向文件尾部翻一屏<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:仿宋;mso-font-kerning:0pt;"> ctrl+b </span><span style="font-family:仿宋;mso-font-kerning:0pt;">向文件首部翻一屏<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:仿宋;mso-font-kerning:0pt;"> ctrl+d </span><span style="font-family:仿宋;mso-font-kerning:0pt;">向文件尾部翻半屏<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:仿宋;mso-font-kerning:0pt;"> ctrl+u </span><span style="font-family:仿宋;mso-font-kerning:0pt;">向文件首部翻半屏<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent:10.5pt;mso-char-indent-count:1.0;"><span style="font-family:仿宋;mso-font-kerning:0pt;">·查找<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:仿宋;mso-font-kerning:0pt;"> /pattern </span><span style="font-family:仿宋;mso-font-kerning:0pt;">从光标处向下查找指定的字符串，可使用正则，也可使用字符串<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:仿宋;mso-font-kerning:0pt;"> ?pattern </span><span style="font-family:仿宋;mso-font-kerning:0pt;">查找字符串，可以使用正则，也可使用字符串，从光标处向上<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:仿宋;mso-font-kerning:0pt;"> n</span><span style="font-family:仿宋;mso-font-kerning:0pt;">：与命令查找方向一致<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:仿宋;mso-font-kerning:0pt;"> N</span><span style="font-family:仿宋;mso-font-kerning:0pt;">：与命令查找方向相反<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><b><span style="font-size:12.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:11.0pt;font-family:仿宋;mso-font-kerning:0pt;">末行模式</span></b><span style="font-family:仿宋;mso-font-kerning:0pt;">（末行模式下也有命令历史的功能）<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family:仿宋;mso-font-kerning:0pt;">末行模式为内建的命令行接口<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:仿宋;mso-font-kerning:0pt;"> </span><span style="font-family:仿宋;mso-font-kerning:0pt;">·地址定界<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:仿宋;mso-font-kerning:0pt;"> :</span><span style="font-family:仿宋;mso-font-kerning:0pt;">开始行，结束行<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:仿宋;mso-font-kerning:0pt;"> :1,100 </span><span style="font-family:仿宋;mso-font-kerning:0pt;">从第一行到<span lang="EN-US">100</span>行<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:仿宋;mso-font-kerning:0pt;"> :# </span><span style="font-family:仿宋;mso-font-kerning:0pt;">定位到指定行<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:仿宋;mso-font-kerning:0pt;"> :M,+N </span><span style="font-family:仿宋;mso-font-kerning:0pt;">从第<span lang="EN-US">M</span>行开始的<span lang="EN-US">+N</span>行<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:仿宋;mso-font-kerning:0pt;"> :. </span><span style="font-family:仿宋;mso-font-kerning:0pt;">当前行<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:仿宋;mso-font-kerning:0pt;"> :$ </span><span style="font-family:仿宋;mso-font-kerning:0pt;">最后一行<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:仿宋;mso-font-kerning:0pt;"> :$-1 </span><span style="font-family:仿宋;mso-font-kerning:0pt;">倒数第二行<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:仿宋;mso-font-kerning:0pt;"> :% </span><span style="font-family:仿宋;mso-font-kerning:0pt;">表示全文<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:仿宋;mso-font-kerning:0pt;"> :/pattern1/,/pattern2/ </span><span style="font-family:仿宋;mso-font-kerning:0pt;">从第一次被模式<span lang="EN-US">1</span>匹配的行开始至第一次被模式<span lang="EN-US">2</span>匹配的行结束之间的行，但是很少这么用<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:仿宋;mso-font-kerning:0pt;"> :#,/pattern/ </span><span style="font-family:仿宋;mso-font-kerning:0pt;">从指定行开始，至第一次被模式匹配的行结束<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:仿宋;mso-font-kerning:0pt;"> :/pattern/,$ </span><span style="font-family:仿宋;mso-font-kerning:0pt;">从第一次被匹配到的行开始，到文档最后一行<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent:10.5pt;mso-char-indent-count:1.0;"><span style="font-family:仿宋;mso-font-kerning:0pt;">·地址定界常常和编辑命令等一起使用<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:仿宋;mso-font-kerning:0pt;"> :m,nd </span><span style="font-family:仿宋;mso-font-kerning:0pt;">删除指定的行<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:仿宋;mso-font-kerning:0pt;"> :m,ny </span><span style="font-family:仿宋;mso-font-kerning:0pt;">复制指定的行<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:仿宋;mso-font-kerning:0pt;"> :w /path/to/somewhere </span><span style="font-family:仿宋;mso-font-kerning:0pt;">将修改后的文档保存到指定位置<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:仿宋;mso-font-kerning:0pt;"> :r /path/to/somefile </span><span style="font-family:仿宋;mso-font-kerning:0pt;">将指定文件读取到当前光标处<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:仿宋;mso-font-kerning:0pt;"> </span><span style="font-family:仿宋;mso-font-kerning:0pt;">·查找并替换（末行模式下，同地址定界一同使用）<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:仿宋;mso-font-kerning:0pt;"> :%s/</span><span style="font-family:仿宋;mso-font-kerning:0pt;">要查找的内容<span lang="EN-US">/</span>要替换的内容<span lang="EN-US">/</span>修饰符<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:仿宋;mso-font-kerning:0pt;"> #</span><span style="font-family:仿宋;mso-font-kerning:0pt;">可以使用正则匹配<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:仿宋;mso-font-kerning:0pt;"> </span><span style="font-family:仿宋;mso-font-kerning:0pt;">替换的内容可以使用<span lang="EN-US">\1,\2...</span>后项引用<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:仿宋;mso-font-kerning:0pt;"> "&" </span><span style="font-family:仿宋;mso-font-kerning:0pt;">引用前面查找到的整个内容<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:仿宋;mso-font-kerning:0pt;"> :.,$s/R..t/&er/g </span><span style="font-family:仿宋;mso-font-kerning:0pt;">将<span lang="EN-US">R..t</span>替换为<span lang="EN-US">R..ter<o:p></o:p></span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent:21.0pt;mso-char-indent-count:2.0;"><span style="font-family:仿宋;mso-font-kerning:0pt;">·修饰符：<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:仿宋;mso-font-kerning:0pt;"> g </span><span style="font-family:仿宋;mso-font-kerning:0pt;">全局（整行，只要匹配就替换）替换，不写则默认替换每一行第一次匹配<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:仿宋;mso-font-kerning:0pt;"> </span><span style="font-family:仿宋;mso-font-kerning:0pt;">分隔符可使用<span lang="EN-US">@</span>或者<span lang="EN-US">#</span>代替，避免出现相同字符需要转义<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:仿宋;mso-font-kerning:0pt;"> :%s/^[[:space:]]\+/#&/g </span><span style="font-family:仿宋;mso-font-kerning:0pt;">以空白字符开头的行首加入<span lang="EN-US">"#"(</span>注释<span lang="EN-US">)<o:p></o:p></span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:仿宋;mso-font-kerning:0pt;"> </span><span style="font-family:仿宋;mso-font-kerning:0pt;">·多文件文件操作：<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent:21.0pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:仿宋;mso-font-kerning:0pt;">~]#vim /tmp/{a,b,c,d} </span><span style="font-family:仿宋;mso-font-kerning:0pt;">同时操作多个文件。但是不会出现在同一屏幕<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:仿宋;mso-font-kerning:0pt;"> :next </span><span style="font-family:仿宋;mso-font-kerning:0pt;">下一个文件<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:仿宋;mso-font-kerning:0pt;"> :last </span><span style="font-family:仿宋;mso-font-kerning:0pt;">最后一个<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:仿宋;mso-font-kerning:0pt;"> :prev </span><span style="font-family:仿宋;mso-font-kerning:0pt;">上一个文件<span lang="EN-US">(previous)<o:p></o:p></span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:仿宋;mso-font-kerning:0pt;"> :first </span><span style="font-family:仿宋;mso-font-kerning:0pt;">附一个文件<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:仿宋;mso-font-kerning:0pt;"> :wall </span><span style="font-family:仿宋;mso-font-kerning:0pt;">保存所有打开的文档<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:仿宋;mso-font-kerning:0pt;"> :qall </span><span style="font-family:仿宋;mso-font-kerning:0pt;">退出所有<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:仿宋;mso-font-kerning:0pt;"> :wqall </span><span style="font-family:仿宋;mso-font-kerning:0pt;">保存并退出所有文档<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:仿宋;mso-font-kerning:0pt;"> </span><span style="font-family:仿宋;mso-font-kerning:0pt;">·窗口分割模式（未打开的多文件）<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:仿宋;mso-font-kerning:0pt;"> ~]#vim -o|O file1 fil2 fil3.....<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:仿宋;mso-font-kerning:0pt;"> -o </span><span style="font-family:仿宋;mso-font-kerning:0pt;">水平分割<span lang="EN-US"> Ctrl+w ←</span>、<span lang="EN-US">→</span>切换文档<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:仿宋;mso-font-kerning:0pt;"> -O </span><span style="font-family:仿宋;mso-font-kerning:0pt;">垂直分割<span lang="EN-US"> Ctrl+w ↑</span>、<span lang="EN-US">↓</span>切换文档<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:仿宋;mso-font-kerning:0pt;"> #</span><span style="font-family:仿宋;mso-font-kerning:0pt;">窗口切换：<span lang="EN-US">Ctrl+w</span>，<span lang="EN-US">arrow</span>（箭头）<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:仿宋;mso-font-kerning:0pt;"> </span><span style="font-family:仿宋;mso-font-kerning:0pt;">·单文件窗口切割（已打开的单个文件）<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:仿宋;mso-font-kerning:0pt;"> Ctrl+w</span><span style="font-family:仿宋;mso-font-kerning:0pt;">，<span lang="EN-US"> s(split) </span>水平分割单文件<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:仿宋;mso-font-kerning:0pt;"> Ctrl+w</span><span style="font-family:仿宋;mso-font-kerning:0pt;">，<span lang="EN-US"> v(vertical) </span>垂直分割单文件<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><b><span style="font-family:仿宋;mso-font-kerning:0pt;">定制<span lang="EN-US">vim</span>工作特性<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:仿宋;mso-font-kerning:0pt;"> </span><span style="font-family:仿宋;mso-font-kerning:0pt;">全局：<span lang="EN-US">/etc/vimrc<o:p></o:p></span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:仿宋;mso-font-kerning:0pt;"> </span><span style="font-family:仿宋;mso-font-kerning:0pt;">个人<span lang="EN-US">:~/.vimrc<o:p></o:p></span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:仿宋;mso-font-kerning:0pt;"> </span><span style="font-family:仿宋;mso-font-kerning:0pt;">·显示行号<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:仿宋;mso-font-kerning:0pt;"> :set number </span><span style="font-family:仿宋;mso-font-kerning:0pt;">开启行号显示<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:仿宋;mso-font-kerning:0pt;"> :set nonumber </span><span style="font-family:仿宋;mso-font-kerning:0pt;">关闭行号显示<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:仿宋;mso-font-kerning:0pt;"> </span><span style="font-family:仿宋;mso-font-kerning:0pt;">·括号匹配<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:仿宋;mso-font-kerning:0pt;"> :set showmatch </span><span style="font-family:仿宋;mso-font-kerning:0pt;">开启括号匹配<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:仿宋;mso-font-kerning:0pt;"> :set noshowmatch </span><span style="font-family:仿宋;mso-font-kerning:0pt;">关闭括号匹配<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:仿宋;mso-font-kerning:0pt;"> </span><span style="font-family:仿宋;mso-font-kerning:0pt;">·自动缩进<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:仿宋;mso-font-kerning:0pt;"> :set ai </span><span style="font-family:仿宋;mso-font-kerning:0pt;">开启自动缩进<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:仿宋;mso-font-kerning:0pt;"> :set noai </span><span style="font-family:仿宋;mso-font-kerning:0pt;">关闭自动缩进<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:仿宋;mso-font-kerning:0pt;"> </span><span style="font-family:仿宋;mso-font-kerning:0pt;">·高亮搜索<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:仿宋;mso-font-kerning:0pt;"> :set hlsearch </span><span style="font-family:仿宋;mso-font-kerning:0pt;">开启高亮搜索<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:仿宋;mso-font-kerning:0pt;"> :set nohlsearch </span><span style="font-family:仿宋;mso-font-kerning:0pt;">关闭高亮搜索<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:仿宋;mso-font-kerning:0pt;"> </span><span style="font-family:仿宋;mso-font-kerning:0pt;">·语法高亮<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:仿宋;mso-font-kerning:0pt;"> :syntax on </span><span style="font-family:仿宋;mso-font-kerning:0pt;">开启语法高亮<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:仿宋;mso-font-kerning:0pt;"> :syntax off </span><span style="font-family:仿宋;mso-font-kerning:0pt;">关闭语法高亮<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:仿宋;mso-font-kerning:0pt;"> </span><span style="font-family:仿宋;mso-font-kerning:0pt;">·忽略大小写（不建议启用，<span lang="EN-US">linux</span>本身就严格区分大小写）<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:仿宋;mso-font-kerning:0pt;"> :set ic </span><span style="font-family:仿宋;mso-font-kerning:0pt;">启用忽略大小写<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:仿宋;mso-font-kerning:0pt;"> :set noic </span><span style="font-family:仿宋;mso-font-kerning:0pt;">禁用忽略大小写<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family:仿宋;mso-font-kerning:0pt;">·配置文件中，以<span lang="EN-US">"#[[:space:]]"</span>开头的一般为注释<span lang="EN-US">(chkconfig</span>行就是例外<span lang="EN-US">)<o:p></o:p></span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family:仿宋;mso-font-kerning:0pt;">·配置文件中，以<span lang="EN-US">"#"</span>开头的一般都可以删除<span lang="EN-US">"#"</span>启用该行<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:仿宋;mso-font-kerning:0pt;"> </span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:仿宋;mso-font-kerning:0pt;">vim</span><span style="font-family:仿宋;mso-font-kerning:0pt;">编辑器回顾：<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:仿宋;mso-font-kerning:0pt;"> </span><span style="font-family:仿宋;mso-font-kerning:0pt;">编辑模式<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:仿宋;mso-font-kerning:0pt;"> </span><span style="font-family:仿宋;mso-font-kerning:0pt;">输入模式<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:仿宋;mso-font-kerning:0pt;"> </span><span style="font-family:仿宋;mso-font-kerning:0pt;">末行模式<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:仿宋;mso-font-kerning:0pt;"> </span><span style="font-family:仿宋;mso-font-kerning:0pt;">可视化模式<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:仿宋;mso-font-kerning:0pt;"> </span><span style="font-family:仿宋;mso-font-kerning:0pt;">跳转：<span lang="EN-US">h</span>、<span lang="EN-US">j</span>、<span lang="EN-US">k</span>、<span lang="EN-US">l</span>、<span lang="EN-US">w</span>、<span lang="EN-US">e</span>、<span lang="EN-US">b</span>、<span lang="EN-US">)</span>、<span lang="EN-US">(</span>、<span lang="EN-US">{</span>、<span lang="EN-US">}</span>、<span lang="EN-US">G</span>、<span lang="EN-US">^</span>、<span lang="EN-US">0</span>、<span lang="EN-US">$<o:p></o:p></span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:仿宋;mso-font-kerning:0pt;"> </span><span style="font-family:仿宋;mso-font-kerning:0pt;">编辑：<span lang="EN-US">x</span>、<span lang="EN-US">r</span>、<span lang="EN-US">c</span>、<span lang="EN-US">d</span>、<span lang="EN-US">y</span>、<span lang="EN-US">p</span>、<span lang="EN-US">u</span>、<span lang="EN-US">Ctrl+r<o:p></o:p></span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:仿宋;mso-font-kerning:0pt;"> </span><span style="font-family:仿宋;mso-font-kerning:0pt;">查找：<span lang="EN-US">/</span>、<span lang="EN-US">?</span>、<span lang="EN-US">n</span>、<span lang="EN-US">N<o:p></o:p></span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:仿宋;mso-font-kerning:0pt;"> </span><span style="font-family:仿宋;mso-font-kerning:0pt;">查找替换<span lang="EN-US">s</span>：常配合定界符使用<span lang="EN-US">s/OLD/NEW/g g </span>全局替换<span lang="EN-US"> i </span>查找时忽略大小写<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:仿宋;mso-font-kerning:0pt;"> </span><span style="font-family:仿宋;mso-font-kerning:0pt;">·末行模式定界<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:仿宋;mso-font-kerning:0pt;"> # </span><span style="font-family:仿宋;mso-font-kerning:0pt;">定位到指定行<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:仿宋;mso-font-kerning:0pt;"> m,n m</span><span style="font-family:仿宋;mso-font-kerning:0pt;">行开始，<span lang="EN-US">n</span>行结束<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:仿宋;mso-font-kerning:0pt;"> m,+n m</span><span style="font-family:仿宋;mso-font-kerning:0pt;">行以及<span lang="EN-US">m</span>行下一行开始的<span lang="EN-US">n</span>行<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:仿宋;mso-font-kerning:0pt;"> . </span><span style="font-family:仿宋;mso-font-kerning:0pt;">当前行<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:仿宋;mso-font-kerning:0pt;"> $ </span><span style="font-family:仿宋;mso-font-kerning:0pt;">最后一行，<span lang="EN-US">$-1</span>倒数第二行<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:仿宋;mso-font-kerning:0pt;"> #,/PATTERN/ </span><span style="font-family:仿宋;mso-font-kerning:0pt;">从第<span lang="EN-US">#</span>行开始，到第一次匹配到结束<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:仿宋;mso-font-kerning:0pt;"> /PATTERN/,$ </span><span style="font-family:仿宋;mso-font-kerning:0pt;">第一次被模式匹配的行至行末<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:仿宋;mso-font-kerning:0pt;"> % </span><span style="font-family:仿宋;mso-font-kerning:0pt;">全文查找<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:仿宋;mso-font-kerning:0pt;"> </span><span style="font-family:仿宋;mso-font-kerning:0pt;">·文件测试<span lang="EN-US">(</span>双目测试<span lang="EN-US">)<o:p></o:p></span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:仿宋;mso-font-kerning:0pt;"> </span><span style="font-family:仿宋;mso-font-kerning:0pt;">文件<span lang="EN-US">1 -nt </span>文件<span lang="EN-US">2 </span>文件<span lang="EN-US">1</span>是否新于文件<span lang="EN-US">2<o:p></o:p></span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:仿宋;mso-font-kerning:0pt;"> </span><span style="font-family:仿宋;mso-font-kerning:0pt;">文件<span lang="EN-US">1 -ot </span>文件<span lang="EN-US">2 </span>文件<span lang="EN-US">1</span>是否旧于文件<span lang="EN-US">2</span></span></p>
06
Oct
10-shell编程基础
<p class="MsoNormal"><b><span lang="EN-US">shell</span></b><b><span style="font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">编程：</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">语言的特征：变量、函数、流程控制、判断</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"> </span><span style="font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">编译型语言：</span><span lang="EN-US">c</span><span style="font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">、</span><span lang="EN-US">c++</span><span style="font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">、</span><span lang="EN-US">c#</span><span style="font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">、</span><span lang="EN-US">java<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"> </span><span style="font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">解释型语言：</span><span lang="EN-US">php</span><span style="font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">、</span><span lang="EN-US">python</span><span style="font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">、</span><span lang="EN-US">perl</span><span style="font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">、</span><span lang="EN-US">shell<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"> </span><span style="font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">程序的编程风格：</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"> </span><span style="font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">面向过程：以指令为中心，数据服务于指令</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"> </span><span style="font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">面向对象：以数据为中心，指令服务于数据</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"> </span><span style="font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">·计算机只识别二进制指令</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"> </span><span style="font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">·程序由指令</span><span lang="EN-US">+</span><span style="font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">数据组成</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"> </span><span style="font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">·</span><span lang="EN-US">shell</span><span style="font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">程序提供了编程能力，依靠调用系统提供的命令（已有的二进制程序），组织成一定形式解释执行的。</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"> </span><span style="font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">·编译：高级语言→编译器</span><span lang="EN-US">→</span><span style="font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">目标代码</span><span lang="EN-US">(c/c++/java...)<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"> </span><span style="font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">·解释：高级语言</span><span lang="EN-US">→</span><span style="font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">解释器</span><span lang="EN-US">→</span><span style="font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">机器代码</span><span lang="EN-US">(shell/perl/python)<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"> </span><span style="font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">·过程式编程：</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"> </span><span style="font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">顺序执行、循环执行、选择执行</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"> </span><span style="font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">·编程语言的基本结构：</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"> </span><span style="font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">数据存储：变量、数组</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"> </span><span style="font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">表达式</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"> </span><span style="font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">语句</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"> </span><span style="font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">·</span><span lang="EN-US">shell</span><span style="font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">编程语言除了控制保留字所写的结构外，剩余都是系统中的命令</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"> shell</span><span style="font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">是过程式的、解释执行的、严重依赖操作系统的语言</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"> shell</span><span style="font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">脚本是文本文件，但是这个文本文件是有特殊格式的</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"> </span><span style="font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">·第一行要写清楚解释器的路径，由哪个解释器解释执行</span><span lang="EN-US"> #!/bin/bash</span><span style="font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">（顶格写）</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"> </span><span style="font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">·</span><span lang="EN-US">shell</span><span style="font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">脚本是由解释器解释执行的，解释器是二进制文件运行在</span><span lang="EN-US">CPU</span><span style="font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">上</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"> </span><span style="font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">·</span><span lang="EN-US">shell</span><span style="font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">脚本还需要依赖</span><span lang="EN-US">PATH</span><span style="font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">环境变量，如果是当前用户运行脚本，命令是可以执行的，如果是计划任务则不会登录执行，需要在脚本中定义</span><span lang="EN-US">PATH</span><span style="font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">环境变量</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"> </span><span style="font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">·内核是通过魔数</span><span lang="EN-US">(magic number)</span><span style="font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">来判断文件的格式，文件前的几个字节</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">实例：统计</span><span lang="EN-US">/etc/passwd</span><span style="font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">文件有多少行</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US">~]#vim /tmp/test.sh #</span><span style="font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">编辑文件，不存在的文件自动创建（需保存）</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">按下键盘上的小写字母</span><span lang="EN-US">a</span><span style="font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">，并输入如下内容</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US">#!/bin/bash<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US">#Version:0.0.1<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US">#Author:stone<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US">#Discription:count /etc/passwd has line<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US">filename="/etc/passwd" #</span><span style="font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">定义文件路径变量，方便替换</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US">cat $filename #</span><span style="font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">查看文件内容</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US">wc -l $filename #</span><span style="font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">统计文件行数</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">按</span><span lang="EN-US">Esc,</span><span style="font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">并且键入冒号，输入</span><span lang="EN-US">wq</span><span style="font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">，回车保存文件</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US">chmod +x /tmp/test.sh #</span><span style="font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">给脚本执行权限</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US">./tmp/test.sh #</span><span style="font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">执行脚本</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"> </span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">变量：命令的内存空间</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"> </span><span style="font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">·不同的数据存储的格式可能不同</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"> </span><span style="font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">字符型、数值型</span><span lang="EN-US">...<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US">ASCII 127</span><span style="font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">个字符的编码集</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"> </span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><b><span style="font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">逻辑运算符：</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"> &&</span><span style="font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">与</span><span lang="EN-US"> true 0 </span><span style="font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">真</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"> || </span><span style="font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">或</span><span lang="EN-US"> false 1 </span><span style="font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">假</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"> ! </span><span style="font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">非</span><span lang="EN-US"> <o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"> </span><span style="font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">短路运算：</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"> </span><span style="font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">与：两个条件都为真时才成立</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:21.0pt;text-indent:21.0pt;"><span style="font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">当第一个参数为真时，第二个参数才参与运算</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"> </span><span style="font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">当第一个参数为假时，第二个参数不参与运算</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"> </span><span style="font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">或：两个条件任意</span> <span style="font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">一个为真，则结果为真</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:21.0pt;text-indent:21.0pt;"><span style="font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">当第一个参数为真时，第二个参数不参与运算</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"> </span><span style="font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">当第一个参数为假时，第二个参数参与运算</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"> </span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:11.0pt;">linux</span></b><b><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">上的文本处理三剑客</span></b><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:11.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent:10.5pt;mso-char-indent-count:1.0;"><span lang="EN-US">grep </span><span style="font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">文本过滤工具，基于模式</span><span lang="EN-US">(pattern)</span><span style="font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">，显示匹配的行</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"> grep</span><span style="font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">支持正则</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"> egrep</span><span style="font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">支持扩展正则</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"> fgrep </span><span style="font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">不支持正则</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"> sed </span><span style="font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">文本流编辑器，是一个文本编辑工具（行编辑工具）</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"> awk linux</span><span style="font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">上实现的是</span><span lang="EN-US">gawk</span><span style="font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">，</span><span lang="EN-US">awk</span><span style="font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">是一门单独的编程语言，也就是说</span><span lang="EN-US">awk</span><span style="font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">也是一个解释器，</span><span lang="EN-US">awk</span><span style="font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">既不是用于编辑文本也不是用于过滤文本，而是将文本进行美观输出，所以</span><span lang="EN-US">awk</span><span style="font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">是一个文本报告生成器</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"> </span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:11.0pt;">grep</span></b><b><span style="font-size:12.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:11.0pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">及正则表达式：</span></b><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:11.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent:10.5pt;mso-char-indent-count:1.0;"><span lang="EN-US"> </span><span style="font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">文本搜索工具，根据用户指定的模式，对目标用户文本进行匹配检查，打印匹配到的行。</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent:10.5pt;mso-char-indent-count:1.0;"><span lang="EN-US"> </span><span style="font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">模式：由正则表达式及文本字符所编写的模式，其中有些字符不表示字符字面意义，表示控制或者通配的功能</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent:10.5pt;mso-char-indent-count:1.0;"><span lang="EN-US"> </span><span style="font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">元字符：特殊功能的字符</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"> </span><span style="font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">正则表达式在编码上有所不同，所以分为两类：</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"> </span><span style="font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">·基本正则表达式</span><span lang="EN-US">BRE<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"> </span><span style="font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">·扩展正则表达式</span><span lang="EN-US">ERG<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"> </span><span style="font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">·</span><span lang="EN-US">grep</span><span style="font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">默认是支持基本正则表达式的</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"> </span><span style="font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">·扩展正则表达式需要使用</span><span lang="EN-US">egrep</span><span style="font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">或者</span><span lang="EN-US">grep -E<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"> </span><span style="font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">·正则表达式引擎：进行正则表达式的解释及匹配检查</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US">~]#grep [option] PATTERN [FILENAME]<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"> --color=auto </span><span style="font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">对匹配到的文本着色显示</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"> -v</span><span style="font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">（小）</span><span lang="EN-US"> </span><span style="font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">反向显示，显示无法被匹配到的行</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"> -i </span><span style="font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">匹配时忽略大小写</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"> -o </span><span style="font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">仅显匹配到的子串</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"> -q </span><span style="font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">静默模式，不会输出任何信息</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"> -A# </span><span style="font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">显示匹配行的后</span><span lang="EN-US">#</span><span style="font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">行</span><span lang="EN-US"> after<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"> -B# </span><span style="font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">显示匹配行的前</span><span lang="EN-US">#</span><span style="font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">行</span><span lang="EN-US"> before<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"> -C# </span><span style="font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">显示匹配行的前后各</span><span lang="EN-US">#</span><span style="font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">行</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"> -E </span><span style="font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">使用扩展的正则表达式</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"> </span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><b><span style="font-size:12.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:11.0pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">基本的正则表达式元字符：</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">·</span><span lang="EN-US">grep</span><span style="font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">使用的模式应当使用引号包含起来</span><b><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent:10.5pt;mso-char-indent-count:1.0;"><span lang="EN-US">"." </span><span style="font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">匹配任意单个字符</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"> "[ ]" </span><span style="font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">匹配指定范围内的任意单个字符</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"> "[^]" </span><span style="font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">匹配指定范围外的任意单个字符</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"> "[:digit:]" </span><span style="font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">所有数字</span><span lang="EN-US">0-9<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"> "[:lower:]" </span><span style="font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">所有的小写字母</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"> "[:uppper:]" </span><span style="font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">所有大写字母</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"> "[:alpha:]" </span><span style="font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">所有的大小写字母</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"> "[:alnum:]" </span><span style="font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">所有的字母和数字</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"> "[:punct:]" </span><span style="font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">所有特殊字符</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"> "[:space:]" </span><span style="font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">空格字符</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"> </span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">·次数匹配，用在要指定出现次数的字符后面</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"> "*" </span><span style="font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">匹配前面的字符任意次，</span><span lang="EN-US">"*"</span><span style="font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">本身仅表示次数</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"> ".*" </span><span style="font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">任意长度的任意字符</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"> "\?" </span><span style="font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">匹配前面的字符</span><span lang="EN-US">0</span><span style="font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">次或一次，即前面的字符可有可无。</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"> "\+" </span><span style="font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">匹配前面的字符至少一次</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"> "\{m,n\}" </span><span style="font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">匹配其前的字符至少</span><span lang="EN-US">m</span><span style="font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">次，至多</span><span lang="EN-US">n</span><span style="font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">次</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"> "\{m\}" </span><span style="font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">匹配其前面的字符</span><span lang="EN-US">m</span><span style="font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">次</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"> "\{0,n\}" </span><span style="font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">匹配前面的字符至多</span><span lang="EN-US">n</span><span style="font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">次</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"> "\{m,\}" </span><span style="font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">匹配其前的字符至少</span><span lang="EN-US">m</span><span style="font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">次</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"> </span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">·位置锚定</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"> "^" </span><span style="font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">行首锚定，使用在最左侧</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"> "$" </span><span style="font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">行尾锚定，使用在最右侧</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"> "^PATTERN$" </span><span style="font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">用模式匹配整行</span><span lang="EN-US">,</span><span style="font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">匹配到为真，否则为假</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"> "^$" </span><span style="font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">空行，</span><span lang="EN-US">none<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"> "^[[:space:]]*" </span><span style="font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">空白行，没有可见字符的行</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"> "\<" </span><span style="font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">词首锚定，用于单词的左侧</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"> "\b" </span><span style="font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">词首锚定，用于单词的左侧</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"> "\>" </span><span style="font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">词尾锚定，用于单词的右侧</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"> "\b" </span><span style="font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">词尾锚定，用于单词的右侧</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"> "\<PATTERN\>" </span><span style="font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">单词锚定</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"> "\bPATTERN\b" </span><span style="font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">单词锚定</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"> </span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">·分组：</span><span lang="EN-US">"\(\)",</span><span style="font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">小括号在</span><span lang="EN-US">shell</span><span style="font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">中有特殊含义，所以需要转义</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"> </span><span style="font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">将一段字符当作一个整体处理</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"> </span><span style="font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">字符一旦分组以后，在所在的正则表达式中还有第二个作用：后向引用</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">·后向引用：引用前面分组括号中模式所匹配到的字符</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"> </span><span style="font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">一旦一个模式能够匹配到一个字符串，在后面的任何位置我么都可以再次引用这个模式匹配到的字符</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"> </span><span style="font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">分组中的模式匹配到的内容会被正则表达式引擎记录于内部变量中，这些变量的命名方式为</span><span lang="EN-US">\1,\2,\3</span><span style="font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">等等</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"> \1</span><span style="font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">表示从左起第一个括号到与之匹配的括号之间模式所匹配到的字符</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"> </span><span style="font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">分组允许嵌套，最里面的一对括号为最后一个分组。</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"> </span><span style="font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">·后向引用，引用的是分组括号中模式所匹配到的字符，而非模式本身</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"> </span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:11.0pt;">egrep</span></b><b><span style="font-size:12.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:11.0pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">及其扩展的正则表达式：</span></b><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:11.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"> egrep</span><span style="font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">相当于</span><span lang="EN-US">grep -E<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"> </span><span style="font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">·扩展正则表达式的原字符</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"> </span><span style="font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">·字符匹配：</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"> "." </span><span style="font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">任意单个字符</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"> "[]" </span><span style="font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">指定范围的单个字符</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"> "[^]" </span><span style="font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">指定范围外的单个字符</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"> </span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"> </span><span style="font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">·次数匹配</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"> "*" </span><span style="font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">匹配其前的字符任意次</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"> "?" </span><span style="font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">匹配其前的字符</span><span lang="EN-US">0</span><span style="font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">或</span><span lang="EN-US">1</span></p>
05
Oct
9-linux基础-权限
<p class="MsoNormal"><b><span style="font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">基础权限：</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"> </span><span style="font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">·</span><span lang="EN-US">linux</span><span style="font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">中文件权限的信息使用</span><span lang="EN-US">ls-l filename</span><span style="font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">可以查看到文件的详细信息，权限位十一位</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"> </span><span style="font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">·第一位表示文件的类型</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"> '-'</span><span style="font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">普通文件</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"> "d"</span><span style="font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">目录文件</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"> "l" </span><span style="font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">连接文件</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"> "b" </span><span style="font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">块设备文件</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"> "c" </span><span style="font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">字符设备文件</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"> "s" </span><span style="font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">套接字文件</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"> "p" </span><span style="font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">管道文件</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"> </span><span style="font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">·中间</span><span lang="EN-US">9</span><span style="font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">位每三位一组：从左到右为</span> <span style="font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">所有者（</span><span lang="EN-US">u</span><span style="font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">），所属组（</span><span lang="EN-US">g</span><span style="font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">），其他人（</span><span lang="EN-US">o</span><span style="font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">）</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"> </span><span style="font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">·最后一位为</span><span lang="EN-US">'.',</span><span style="font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">表示该文件被</span><span lang="EN-US">selinux</span><span style="font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">保护，</span><span lang="EN-US">selinux</span><span style="font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">为增强型安全组件</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"> </span><span style="font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">·如果末尾有</span><span lang="EN-US">‘+’</span><span style="font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">表示有</span><span lang="EN-US">acl</span><span style="font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">权限</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><b><span style="font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">权限管理：</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"> </span><span style="font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">·主要是针对三类用户定义：</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"> </span><span style="font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">属主</span> <span lang="EN-US">owner<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"> </span><span style="font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">属组</span> <span lang="EN-US">group<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"> </span><span style="font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">其他人</span> <span lang="EN-US">other<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"> </span><span style="font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">·每个文件对每类访问者都定义了三种权限</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"> </span><span style="font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">对于文件来说</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"> r readable</span><span style="font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">可以使用文件查看工具获取其内容</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"> w writable</span><span style="font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">可以修改器内容</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"> x excutable </span><span style="font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">可以把此文件提请内核启动一个进程</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"> </span><span style="font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">对于文件来说：</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"> r </span><span style="font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">可以使用</span><span lang="EN-US">ls</span><span style="font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">命令列出目录下的文件列表</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"> w </span><span style="font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">可以再目录中创建、删除文件</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"> x </span><span style="font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">可以使用</span><span lang="EN-US">cd</span><span style="font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">命令进入此目录，也可以使用</span><span lang="EN-US">ls-l</span><span style="font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">查看此目录中文件列表</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><b><span style="font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">修改文件权限</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent:10.5pt;mso-char-indent-count:1.0;"><span lang="EN-US">~]#chmod [option] MOD FILE #</span><span style="font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">修改指定文件的权限</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"> -R </span><span style="font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">修改目录的权限的时候递归修改权限，修改目录的权限时，默认不会修改目录下文件的权限</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"> </span><span style="font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">使用八进制数形式修改权限</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"> ~]#chmod750 /tmp/test/ #</span><span style="font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">修改指定目录的权限为</span><span lang="EN-US">750<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"> </span><span style="font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">直接指定用户</span><span lang="EN-US">mode</span><span style="font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">进行定义</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"> ~]#chmodu=rwx FILE #</span><span style="font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">修改某一类用户的权限</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"> u=rwx,g=rw,o=(</span><span style="font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">空，表示不给权限</span><span lang="EN-US">)<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"> </span><span style="font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">修改用户的耨意为权限：</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"> ~]#chmodu+x FILE #</span><span style="font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">给文件属主添加执行权限</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"> a+x </span><span style="font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">所有类型用户添加执行权限</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"> a-x </span><span style="font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">所有类型用户减少执行权限</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"> </span><span style="font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">参考指定文件的权限，将目标的权限修改同相同权限</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"> ~]#chmod--reference=/etc/fstab /tmp/test #</span><span style="font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">以</span><span lang="EN-US">/etc/fstab</span><span style="font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">文件为模板文件</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"> ~]#chownlinux:linux /tmp/test #</span><span style="font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">修改指定用户的属主属组为</span><span lang="EN-US">linux<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"> </span><span style="font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">·</span><span lang="EN-US">~]#chown:linux /tmp/test #</span><span style="font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">仅修改文件的属组</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"> -R </span><span style="font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">递归修改目录下的所有文件</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"> ~]#chgrp group FILE #</span><span style="font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">修改文件属组</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"> -R</span><span style="font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">递归修改文件属组</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"> </span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><b><span style="font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">遮罩码：</span></b><span style="font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">为用户创建的文件提供基本权限</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent:10.5pt;mso-char-indent-count:1.0;"><span lang="EN-US">~]#umask #</span><span style="font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">显示当前用户的</span><span lang="EN-US">umask</span><span style="font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">值（遮罩码）</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent:10.5pt;mso-char-indent-count:1.0;"><span lang="EN-US"> </span><span style="font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">·</span><span lang="EN-US">root</span><span style="font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">用户的</span><span lang="EN-US">umask</span><span style="font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">值为</span><span lang="EN-US">022<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent:10.5pt;mso-char-indent-count:1.0;"><span lang="EN-US"> </span><span style="font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">·普通用户的</span><span lang="EN-US">umask</span><span style="font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">值为</span><span lang="EN-US">0002<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"> </span><span style="font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">·当创建文件的时候，默认的权限为</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"> 666-umask </span><span style="font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">如果文件有执行权限，其八进制权限加</span><span lang="EN-US">1</span><span style="font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">，文件不允许默认有执行权限</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"> </span><span style="font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">·当创建目录的时候，默认权限为：</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"> 777-umask </span><span style="font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">目录的可用权限只有</span><span lang="EN-US">0,5,7<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"> </span><span style="font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">·</span><span lang="EN-US">umask</span><span style="font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">的值在</span><span lang="EN-US">/etc/profile</span><span style="font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">文件中可以修改</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"> </span><span style="font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">常使用的权限：</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"> 000</span><span style="font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">没有权限</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"> 644</span><span style="font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">标准文件权限</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"> 755</span><span style="font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">标准目录权限</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"> 777</span><span style="font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">最大权限，禁止赋予</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"> </span><span style="font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">权限对文件的含义：</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"> r</span><span style="font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">读取文件的内容</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"> w</span><span style="font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">编辑、新增、修改文件的内容，不包含删除</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"> x</span><span style="font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">可执行</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"> </span><span style="font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">权限对目录的意义</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"> r</span><span style="font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">可查询目录下的文件名</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"> w</span><span style="font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">具有修改目录结构的权限</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"> x</span><span style="font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">可以进入目录</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"> </span><span style="font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">目录的可用权限</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"> 0</span><span style="font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">最小权限</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"> 5</span><span style="font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">标准权限</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"> 7</span><span style="font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">最大权限</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"> </span><span style="font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">·对于文件来说，最大权限为执行权限</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"> </span><span style="font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">·对于目录来说，最大的权限是写权限</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"> "#" </span><span style="font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">读音：</span><span lang="EN-US">sharp<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"> </span><span style="font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">·默认权限保证了新建的文件、目录有基本权限，不能通过目录继承的原因是，目录和文件的执行权限的意义不同。</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"> </span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><b><span style="font-size:12.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:11.0pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">文件系统上的特殊权限</span></b><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:11.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US">SUID</span><span style="font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">、</span><span lang="EN-US">SGID</span><span style="font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">、</span><span lang="EN-US">Sticky<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US">linux</span><span style="font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">上的权限有</span><span lang="EN-US">mode</span><span style="font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">和</span><span lang="EN-US">ownership<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"> mode</span><span style="font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">：</span><span lang="EN-US">user</span><span style="font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">、</span><span lang="EN-US">group</span><span style="font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">、</span><span lang="EN-US">other</span><span style="font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">三类用户，分别</span><span lang="EN-US">you</span><span style="font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">读、写、执行权限</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"> ownership</span><span style="font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">：所有权，属主身份</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">进程的安全上下文：</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"> </span><span style="font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">前提条件：进程由属主、属组，文件有属主、属组</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"> </span><span style="font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">谁发起的进程，进程的属主就是谁</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">实例：</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent:21.0pt;mso-char-indent-count:2.0;"><span lang="EN-US">/bin/cat </span><span style="font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">属主属组都为</span><span lang="EN-US">root</span><span style="font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">，当普通用户执行</span><span lang="EN-US">/bin/cat</span><span style="font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">程序时，匹配的是其他人权限，如果其他人拥有执行权限则普通用户可以执行</span><span lang="EN-US">/bin/cat</span><span style="font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">程序，当程序运行起来后为进程，此时进程的属主属组为执行程序的用户，这个进程所能访问的资源受进程属主属组的限制。</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"> </span><span style="font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">·任何一个可执行文件能不能启动为进程，取决于发起者对程序问价是否拥有执行权限</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"> </span><span style="font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">·启动为进程后，其进程属主为发起者，进程的属组为发起者的属组（属组意义不大）</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"> </span><span style="font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">·进程访问目标时的权限，取决于进程的发起者</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"> 1.</span><span style="font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">进程的发起者同文件属主，则应用文件属主权限</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"> 2.</span><span style="font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">进程的发起者属于文件的属组，则应用文件属组权限，如果进程发起者属于多个组，有一个组与文件相同即表示该用户属于该文件的属组</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"> 3.</span><span style="font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">应用其他人的权限</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><b><span lang="EN-US">SUID</span></b><b><span style="font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">（一般为提权操作）</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"> 1. </span><span style="font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">任何一个可执行程序能否启动为进程，取决于发起者对程序文件是否拥有执行权限</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"> 2. </span><span style="font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">启动为进程后，其进程属主为源程序文件的属主，这个进程访问的资源的权限取决于这个进程属主的权限</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"> ~]#ls -l $(which passwd) #</span><span style="font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">红色的底纹表示拥有特殊权限</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"> </span><span style="font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">·</span><span lang="EN-US">SUID</span><span style="font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">权限的设定</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"> ~]#chmodu+s filename #</span><span style="font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">给文件添加</span><span lang="EN-US">SUID</span><span style="font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">权限</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"> ~]#chmodu-s filename #</span><span style="font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">取消文件的</span><span lang="EN-US">SUID</span><span style="font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">权限</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"> #ls-l</span><span style="font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">长格式显示时，原文件属主执行位上为</span><span lang="EN-US">s(</span><span style="font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">小</span><span lang="EN-US">)</span><span style="font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">表示存在执行权限</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"> #ls -l</span><span style="font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">长格式显示时，原文件属主执行位上为</span><span lang="EN-US">S(</span><span style="font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">大</span><span lang="EN-US">)</span><span style="font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">表示无执行权限</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><b><span lang="EN-US">SGID(</span></b><b><span style="font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">一般为提权操作</span><span lang="EN-US">)<o:p></o:p></span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"> </span><span style="font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">默认情况下用户创建文件时，属主为用户的基本组。</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"> </span><span style="font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">一旦某目录被设定了</span><span lang="EN-US">SGID</span><span style="font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">权限，则所有对该目录有写权限的用户，在此目录中创建的文件属组为目录的属组，在创建文件的那一刻，用户以目录的属组为基本组创建文件，临时更改有效组。</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"> </span><span style="font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">·</span><span lang="EN-US">SGID</span><span style="font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">的设定（对目录）</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"> ~]#chmodg+s DIR #</span><span style="font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">给目录添加</span><span lang="EN-US">SGID</span><span style="font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">权限</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"> ~]#chmodg-s DIR #</span><span style="font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">取消目录的</span><span lang="EN-US">SGID</span><span style="font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">权限</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"> </span><span style="font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">·</span><span lang="EN-US">SGID</span><span style="font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">的设定（对文件）</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"> </span><span style="font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">当一个普通用户执行具有</span><span lang="EN-US">SUID</span><span style="font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">权限的程序时，该命令的</span> <span style="font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">执行者会临时加入该命令的属组内。</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"> ~]#ls-l /usr/bin/local #</span><span style="font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">具有</span><span lang="EN-US">SGID</span><span style="font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">权限的命令</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"> ~]#ls-l /usr/lib/mlocate/mlocate.db #</span><span style="font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">具有</span><span lang="EN-US">SGID</span><span style="font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">权限后操作的文件</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"> ~]#chmodg+s filename #</span><span style="font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">给文件添加</span><span lang="EN-US">SGID</span><span style="font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">权限</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"> ~]#chmodg-s filename #</span><span style="font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">取消文件的</span><span lang="EN-US">SGID</span><span style="font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">权限</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"> #ls -l </span><span style="font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">长格式显示时，源文件属组执行位上为</span><span lang="EN-US">s(</span><span style="font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">小</span><span lang="EN-US">)</span><span style="font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">，表示原属组执行位有权限</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"> #ls-l </span><span style="font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">长格式显示时，源文件属组执行位上为</span><span lang="EN-US">S(</span><span style="font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">大</span><span lang="EN-US">)</span><span style="font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">，表示原属组执行位无权限</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><b><span lang="EN-US">Sticky(</span></b><b><span style="font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">黏着位</span><span lang="EN-US">SBIT)<o:p></o:p></span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"> </span><span style="font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">对一个多人可写的目录，如果设置了</span><span lang="EN-US">sticky</span><span style="font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">权限，则每个用户只能删除自己的文件，</span><span lang="EN-US">root</span><span style="font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">用户除外。</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"> ~]#chmodo+t DIR #</span><span style="font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">给目录添加</span><span lang="EN-US">sticky</span><span style="font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">权限</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"> ~]#chmodo-t DIR #</span><span style="font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">给目录取消</span><span lang="EN-US">sticky</span><span style="font-
04
Oct
8-linux基础-基础命令
<p class="MsoNormal"><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:11.0pt;font-family:仿宋;">linux</span></b><b><span style="font-size:12.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:11.0pt;font-family:仿宋;">基础命令：<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:仿宋;">~]#ls [option][ARG] #</span><span style="font-family:仿宋;">列出指定目录下的文件列表<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:仿宋;"> -a </span><span style="font-family:仿宋;">显示所有文件（包含以<span lang="EN-US">"."</span>开头的隐藏文件）<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:仿宋;"> -A </span><span style="font-family:仿宋;">除了<span lang="EN-US">"."</span>和<span lang="EN-US">".."</span>其余都显示<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:仿宋;"> -d </span><span style="font-family:仿宋;">查看当前目录本身的信息<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:仿宋;"> -l </span><span style="font-family:仿宋;">使用长格式显示信息<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:仿宋;"> -i </span><span style="font-family:仿宋;">查看文件的<span lang="EN-US">inode</span>号，查看目录的<span lang="EN-US">inode</span>号需要同<span lang="EN-US">-d</span>移动使用<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:仿宋;"> -h </span><span style="font-family:仿宋;">以常用单位显示文件大小<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:仿宋;"> -r </span><span style="font-family:仿宋;">逆序的格式显示<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:仿宋;"> -R </span><span style="font-family:仿宋;">（<span lang="EN-US">--recursive</span>）递归显示，列出当前目录下子目录下的文件目录<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:仿宋;"> --color=never #</span><span style="font-family:仿宋;">指定无颜色显示<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:仿宋;"> --color=auto #</span><span style="font-family:仿宋;">自动显示颜色<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:仿宋;color:red;">~]#ls -l /tmp</span></b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:仿宋;"> #</span><span style="font-family:仿宋;">长格式显示目录下文件的信息<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:仿宋;"> 1. </span><span style="font-family:仿宋;">文件权限位：<span lang="EN-US">drwxr-xr-x.<o:p></o:p></span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:仿宋;"> - </span><span style="font-family:仿宋;">普通文件<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:仿宋;"> d </span><span style="font-family:仿宋;">目录文件<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:仿宋;"> l </span><span style="font-family:仿宋;">软链接文件<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:仿宋;"> b </span><span style="font-family:仿宋;">块设备文件<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:仿宋;"> c </span><span style="font-family:仿宋;">字符设备文件<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:仿宋;"> p </span><span style="font-family:仿宋;">管道文件<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:仿宋;"> s </span><span style="font-family:仿宋;">套接字文件<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:仿宋;"> 2. </span><span style="font-family:仿宋;">引用计数<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:仿宋;"> </span><span style="font-family:仿宋;">对于目录：代表目录下，一级子目录的个数<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:仿宋;"> </span><span style="font-family:仿宋;">对于文件：代表被硬链接的次数<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:仿宋;"> 3. </span><span style="font-family:仿宋;">文件的所属主<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:仿宋;"> 4. </span><span style="font-family:仿宋;">文件的所属组<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:仿宋;"> 5. </span><span style="font-family:仿宋;">文件的大小<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:仿宋;"> 6. </span><span style="font-family:仿宋;">文件最后一次的访问时间<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:仿宋;"> atime </span><span style="font-family:仿宋;">访问时间<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:仿宋;"> mtime </span><span style="font-family:仿宋;">内容改变，只要内容改变<span lang="EN-US">ctime</span>一定改变<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:仿宋;"> ctime </span><span style="font-family:仿宋;">元信息改变，改变不一定会修改<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:仿宋;"> 7. </span><span style="font-family:仿宋;">文件名<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:仿宋;">~]#cd /DIR #</span><span style="font-family:仿宋;">切换到指定目录<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:仿宋;">~]#cd #</span><span style="font-family:仿宋;">进入家目录<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:仿宋;">~]#cd ~ #</span><span style="font-family:仿宋;">进入家目录<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:仿宋;">~]#cd - #</span><span style="font-family:仿宋;">进入上一次所在目录<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:仿宋;">~]#cd .. #</span><span style="font-family:仿宋;">进入上一级目录<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:仿宋;"> </span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:仿宋;">~]#stat FILE #</span><span style="font-family:仿宋;">用于显示文件或文件系统的状态，显示时间戳等元信息<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:仿宋;">~]#pwd #</span><span style="font-family:仿宋;">显示当前所在路径<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:仿宋;">~]#mkdir /DIR #</span><span style="font-family:仿宋;">创建目录<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:仿宋;"> -p </span><span style="font-family:仿宋;">递归创建目录<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:仿宋;">~]#rmdir /DIR #</span><span style="font-family:仿宋;">删除空目录（使用不多，用处不大）<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:仿宋;">~]#rm [</span><span style="font-family:仿宋;">选项<span lang="EN-US">] [</span>文件名<span lang="EN-US">/</span>目录名<span lang="EN-US">]<o:p></o:p></span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:仿宋;"> -r </span><span style="font-family:仿宋;">递归删除目录<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:仿宋;"> -i </span><span style="font-family:仿宋;">操作前进行询问，<span lang="EN-US">root</span>用户命令为别名：<span lang="EN-US">alias rm='rm -i'<o:p></o:p></span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:仿宋;"> -f </span><span style="font-family:仿宋;">强制删除<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:仿宋;">~]#rm -rf [</span><span style="font-family:仿宋;">文件<span lang="EN-US">/</span>目录<span lang="EN-US">] #</span>不询问，强制删除<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:仿宋;"> <span style="background:yellow;mso-highlight:yellow;">rm -rf /* #</span></span><span style="font-family:仿宋;background:yellow;mso-highlight:yellow;">此命令不需要确认，直接执行，需要谨慎</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:仿宋;"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:仿宋;"> ext undelte </span><span style="font-family:仿宋;">反删除软件，避免误删除，但是需要安装才能生效<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:仿宋;">~]#tree /DIR #</span><span style="font-family:仿宋;">树状结构显示目录下所有目录和文件名称<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:仿宋;"> </span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><b><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:仿宋;">文件操作命令：<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:仿宋;">~]#filefilename #</span><span style="font-family:仿宋;">文件内容类型查看命令<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:仿宋;">~]#touch /DIR/FILENAME #</span><span style="font-family:仿宋;">修改文件的访问时间，如果文件不存在则创建文件<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:仿宋;"> mkdir /tmp/test #</span><span style="font-family:仿宋;">创建测试目录<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:仿宋;"> touch /tmp/test #</span><span style="font-family:仿宋;">改变了目录的访问时间<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:仿宋;">~]#cat [option]/DIR/FILENAME #</span><span style="font-family:仿宋;">查看指定文件内容<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:仿宋;"> -n </span><span style="font-family:仿宋;">显示行号，对行进行编号，对文件内容无影响<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:仿宋;"> -E </span><span style="font-family:仿宋;">显示行结束符<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:仿宋;"> -T </span><span style="font-family:仿宋;">显示制表符<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:仿宋;">~]#cat [option]file1 file2... #</span><span style="font-family:仿宋;">连接文件并显示出来<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:仿宋;"> cat</span><span style="font-family:仿宋;">没有跟任何参数时会从键盘读入<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:仿宋;">~]#tac filename #</span><span style="font-family:仿宋;">将文件内容逆序显示<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:仿宋;">~]#morefilename #</span><span style="font-family:仿宋;">查看文件分页显示，翻页到行末会自动退出<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:仿宋;"> </span><span style="font-family:仿宋;">空格向下翻页，<span lang="EN-US">b</span>向上翻页，<span lang="EN-US">q</span>退出<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:仿宋;">~]#lessfilename #</span><span style="font-family:仿宋;">查看文件（分行显示）<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:仿宋;"> </span><span style="font-family:仿宋;">空格（↓下键）向下翻，<span lang="EN-US">b</span>（↑上键）向上翻页，<span lang="EN-US">q</span>退出<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:仿宋;">~]#head -nfilename #</span><span style="font-family:仿宋;">显示文件头几行<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:仿宋;">~]#tail -n </span><span style="font-family:仿宋;">文件<span lang="EN-US"> #</span>显示文件尾部几行<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:仿宋;"> -f </span><span style="font-family:仿宋;">监听文件尾，不退出<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:仿宋;"> -c </span><span style="font-family:仿宋;">显示文件尾指定字节数<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:仿宋;">~]#echo [option]"....." #</span><span style="font-family:仿宋;">回显命令<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:仿宋;"> -n </span><span style="font-family:仿宋;">禁止自动添加换行符<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:仿宋;"> -e </span><span style="font-family:仿宋;">允许使用转义符<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:仿宋;"> </span><span style="font-family:仿宋;">单引号：强引用<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:仿宋;"> </span><span style="font-family:仿宋;">双引号：弱引用<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:仿宋;"> </span><span style="font-family:仿宋;">反引号：命令调用<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:仿宋;">~]#cp </span><span style="font-family:仿宋;">源文件 目标位置<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:仿宋;"> -r </span><span style="font-family:仿宋;">复制目录<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:仿宋;"> -p </span><span style="font-family:仿宋;">连带文件属性复制<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:仿宋;"> -d </span><span style="font-family:仿宋;">若文件是连接文件，则复制连接属性<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:仿宋;"> -a </span><span style="font-family:仿宋;">相当于<span lang="EN-US">pdr</span>，原文件属性完全复制<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:仿宋;"> -i </span><span style="font-family:仿宋;">询问同名是否覆盖<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:仿宋;"> -a: --archive </span><span style="font-family:仿宋;">归档，保留文件原有属性，常用于备份<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:仿宋;"> -a</span><span style="font-family:仿宋;">相当于<span lang="EN-US">-dR --preserv=all<o:p></o:p></span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:仿宋;"> --preserv=[ATTR_LIST</span><span style="font-family:仿宋;">（属性列表）<span lang="EN-US">]<o:p></o:p></span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:仿宋;"> mode </span><span style="font-family:仿宋;">权限 <span lang="EN-US">ownership </span>属主属组<span lang="EN-US"> times-tamps </span>时间戳<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:仿宋;"> context </span><span style="font-family:仿宋;">安全上下文<span lang="EN-US"> xattr </span>扩展属性<span lang="EN-US"> all </span>以上所有<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:仿宋;">~]#mv </span><span style="font-family:仿宋;">源文件 目标文件<span lang="EN-US"> #</span>文件移动、若目标为当前目录，则为改名<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:仿宋;"> -i </span><span style="font-family:仿宋;">询问是否覆盖<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:仿宋;"> -f </span><span style="font-family:仿宋;">强制移动<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:仿宋;"> #</span><span style="font-family:仿宋;">同一位置下为改名操作，操作对象可以是文件或者目录<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:仿宋;">~]#alias #</span><span style="font-family:仿宋;">查询命令的别名<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:仿宋;">~]#alias rm='rm-i' #</span><span style="font-family:仿宋;">定义别名，必须使用单引号<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:仿宋;"> #</span><span style="font-family:仿宋;">别名的优先级高于系统命令<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:仿宋;"> #</span><span style="font-family:仿宋;">在命令行中执行操作绝大多数是临时生效（立即生效），永久有效需要写入配置文件（重启生效）<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:仿宋;"> #alias</span><span style="font-family:仿宋;">别名在<span lang="EN-US">/etc/bashrc</span>（全局）中进行定义，但是由于个用户习惯不一样，在<span lang="EN-US">~/bashrc</span>定义<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:仿宋;">~]#ps aux #</span><span style="font-family:仿宋;">查看所有运行的进行<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:仿宋;"> </span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family:仿宋;">·链接文件：软链接和硬链接<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family:仿宋;">·软链接：软链接一定要使用绝对路径，否则在跨目录时会报错。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent:10.5pt;mso-char-indent-count:1.0;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:仿宋;color:red;">~]#ln -s </span><span style="font-family:仿宋;color:red;">源文件 目标文件</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:仿宋;"> #</span><span style="font-family:仿宋;">软链接的权限为<span lang="EN-US">777</span>，但是文件的权限在文件上<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family:仿宋;">·软链接的特点：<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:仿宋;"> </span><span style="font-family:仿宋;">源文件和目标文件拥有不同的<span lang="EN-US">inode</span>号和<span lang="EN-US">block</span>块（存储空间）<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:仿宋;"> </span><span style="font-family:仿宋;">软链接的<span lang="EN-US">block</span>只存放源文件的<span lang="EN-US">inode</span>号、文件名，并没有实际数据<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:仿宋;"> </span><span style="font-family:仿宋;">通过软链接打开文件修改内容，源文件也会修改<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:仿宋;"> </span><span style="font-family:仿宋;">源文件改名、移动到其他目录后软链接不可使用<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:仿宋;"> </span><span style="font-family:仿宋;">删除软链接，源文件不受影响<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:仿宋;"> </span><span style="font-family:仿宋;">删除源文件，软链接不可使用<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:仿宋;"> </span><span style="font-family:仿宋;">不论源文件的大小如何变化，软链接占用磁盘空间大小不变<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:仿宋;"> </span><span style="font-family:仿宋;">软链接的权限为<span lang="EN-US">777</span>，但是实际权限在源文件上<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:仿宋;"> </span><span style="font-family:仿宋;">软链接可以链接目录<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:仿宋;"> </span><span style="font-family:仿宋;">软链接可以跨分区<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:仿宋;"> </span><span style="font-family:仿宋;">软链接的属性（长格式信息）只能在上一级目录下查看<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family:仿宋;">·硬链接：不建议使用，因为没有特别的标识区分<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:仿宋;"> <span style="color:red;">~]#ln </span></span><span style="font-family:仿宋;color:red;">源文件 目标文件</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:仿宋;"> #</span><span style="font-family:仿宋;">给文件创建硬链接<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family:仿宋;">·硬链接的特点<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:仿宋;"> </span><span style="font-family:仿宋;">源文件和连接文件拥有相同的<span lang="EN-US">inode</span>号和<span lang="EN-US">block</span>（存储空间）<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:仿宋;"> </span><span style="font-family:仿宋;">修改任意文件，另一文件内容都发生改变<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:仿宋;"> </span><span style="font-family:仿宋;">删除任一文件，另一文件都可以正常访问<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:仿宋;"> </span><span style="font-family:仿宋;">硬链接不能跨分区<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:仿宋;"> </span><span style="font-family:仿宋;">硬链接不能连接目录<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:仿宋;"> </span><span style="font-family:仿宋;">硬链接改名、移动（分区内）后依旧能够访问<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:仿宋;"> </span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><b><span style="font-size:12.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:11.0pt;font-family:仿宋;">文本操作工具<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:仿宋;"> wc</span><span style="font-family:仿宋;">、<span lang="EN-US">cut</span>、<span lang="EN-US">soft</span>、<span lang="EN-US">uniq<o:p></o:p></span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:仿宋;"> ~]#wc [option] filename #world cuting </span><span style="font-family:仿宋;">统计单词数<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:仿宋;"> -l </span><span style="font-family:仿宋;">只显示行数<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:仿宋;"> -w </span><span style="font-family:仿宋;">只显示单词数<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:仿宋;"> -c </span><span style="font-family:仿宋;">只显示字节数<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:仿宋;"> ~]#wc /etc/passwd<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:仿宋;"> #</span><span style="font-family:仿宋;">默认显示：行<span lang="EN-US"> </span>单词数<span lang="EN-US"> </span>字符数（包含换行符）<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:仿宋;"> ~]#cut [option] FILENAME<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:仿宋;"> -d </span><span style="font-family:仿宋;">指定分隔符，如果不指定默认为空格（智能识别单个字符）<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:仿宋;"> -f </span><span style="font-family:仿宋;">指定显示那些字段<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:仿宋;"> ~]#cut-d ':' -f 1 /etc/passwd #</span><span style="font-family:仿宋;">提取<span lang="EN-US">/etc/passwd</span>文件中的第一列<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:仿宋;"> ~]#cut -d ':' -f 1,3 /etc/passwd #</span><span style="font-family:仿宋;">提取<span lang="EN-US">/etc/passwd</span>文件中第一列和第三列<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:仿宋;"> ~]#cut -d ':' -f 1-3 /etc/passwd #</span><span style="font-family:仿宋;">提取<span lang="EN-US">/etc/passwd</span>文件中的第一至第四列<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:仿宋;"> #</span><span style="font-family:仿宋;">输入时指定什么分隔符，输出时就以什么分隔符输出<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:仿宋;"> --output-delimiter=STRING #</span><span style="font-family:仿宋;">以指定的字符作为分隔符输出<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:仿宋;"> ~]#sort [option] [FILE] #</span><span style="font-family:仿宋;">排序命令<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:仿宋;"> #</span><span style="font-family:仿宋;">比较每一行的第一个字符，按<span lang="EN-US">ASCII</span>码升序排列<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:仿宋;"> -r </span><span style="font-family:仿宋;">逆序排列<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:仿宋;"> -f </span><span style="font-family:仿宋;">忽略大小写排序<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:仿宋;"> </span><span style="font-family:仿宋;">·<span lang="EN-US">sort</span>支持以某个字符作为分隔符，并按某个字段进行排序<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:仿宋;"> -t </span><span style="font-family:仿宋;">指定分隔符<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:仿宋;"> -k </span><span style="font-family:仿宋;">指明字段<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:仿宋;"> -n </span><span style="font-family:仿宋;">按数值大小排序<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:仿宋;"> -u uniq</span><span style="font-family:仿宋;">去重，相同的内容只显示一次<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:仿宋;"> ~]#uniq [option] FILE #</span><span style="font-family:仿宋;">去重<span lang="EN-US">(</span>去重的标准为连续且完全一样<span lang="EN-US">)<o:p></o:p></span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:仿宋;"> -c </span><span style="font-family:仿宋;">统计重复次数<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:仿宋;"> -d </span><span style="font-family:仿宋;">仅显示重复过的行<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:仿宋;"> -u </span><span style="font-family:仿宋;">仅显示未曾重复的行<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:仿宋;"> </span><span style="font-family:仿宋;">·常与<span lang="EN-US">sort</span>一同完成文本去重<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:仿宋;"> </span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><b><span style="font-size:12.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:11.0pt;font-family:仿宋;">目录管理类命令：<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:仿宋;"> cd</span><span style="font-family:仿宋;">、<span lang="EN-US">pwd</span>、<span lang="EN-US">ls</span>、<span lang="EN-US">mkdir</span>、<span lang="EN-US">rmdir</span>、<span lang="EN-US">tree<o:p></o:p></span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:仿宋;"> ~]#ls #</span><span style="font-family:仿宋;">显示当前目录下的文件列表，默认开启了别名，即带颜色显示<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:仿宋;"> ~]#mkdir [option] /path/to/somewhere #</span><span style="font-family:仿宋;">创建目录<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:仿宋;"> -p </span><span style="font-family:仿宋;">递归创建目录，即目标目录不存在时创建目录<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:仿宋;"> -m </span><span style="font-family:仿宋;">创建目录时直接制定权限<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:仿宋;"> -v </span><span style="font-family:仿宋;">显示创建过程信息<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:仿宋;"> ~]#rmdir DIR #</span><span style="font-family:仿宋;">删除空目录，只能够删除空目录<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:仿宋;"> ~]#tree DIR #</span><span style="font-family:仿宋;">列出目录的层级结构<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:仿宋;"> -L </span><span style="font-family:仿宋;">限制显示层级<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:仿宋;"> -d </span><span style="font-family:仿宋;">只显示目录<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:仿宋;"> -P</span><span style="font-family:仿宋;">（大）：显示由指定<span lang="EN-US">pattern</span>匹配到的路径<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:仿宋;"> </span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><b><span style="font-size:12.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:11.0pt;font-family:仿宋;">文件的时间戳管理工具：<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:仿宋;"> ~]#touch [option] FILE/DIR #</span><span style="font-family:仿宋;">创建新文件（当文件不存在的时候）<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:仿宋;"> -a </span><span style="font-family:仿宋;">修改访问时间<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:仿宋;"> -m </span><span style="font-family:仿宋;">修改修改时间<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:仿宋;"> -t </span><span style="font-family:仿宋;">指明时间戳，同<span lang="EN-US">-a/-m</span>一同使用<span lang="EN-US">[cc]YYMMDDhhmm[.ss]<o:p></o:p></span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:仿宋;"> -c </span><span style="font-family:仿宋;">不创建文件<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:仿宋;"> </span><span style="font-family:仿宋;">·当<span lang="EN-US">touch</span>一个文件的时候，文件如果不存在则创建文件，文件存在只修改其时间戳<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:仿宋;"> ~]#stat FILE/DIR #</span><span style="font-family:仿宋;">查看文件<span lang="EN-US">/</span>目录的状态<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:仿宋;"> </span><span style="font-family:仿宋;">时间戳：<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:仿宋;"> access time </span><span style="font-family:仿宋;">访问时间 <span lang="EN-US">atime </span>读取文件的内容叫访问<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:仿宋;"> modify time </span><span style="font-family:仿宋;">修改时间 <span lang="EN-US">mtime </span>修改文件的内容叫修改（修改内容元数据一定改变）<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:仿宋;"> change time </span><span style="font-family:仿宋;">改变时间 <span lang="EN-US">ctime </span>改变元数据叫改变<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:仿宋;"> </span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><b><span style="font-size:12.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:11.0pt;font-family:仿宋;">用户和组管理：<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:仿宋;"> </span><span style="font-family:仿宋;">只基于密码的认证机制称为<span lang="EN-US">token</span>（没有用户名）<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:仿宋;"> </span><span style="font-family:仿宋;">有用户名和密码通常称为认证：<span lang="EN-US">identify</span>（<span lang="EN-US">username/password</span>）<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:仿宋;"> </span><span style="font-family:仿宋;">用户的主要作用是实现资源的分配<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:仿宋;"> </span><span style="font-family:仿宋;">资源的分配有三个层次（<span lang="EN-US">3A</span>概念）<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:仿宋;"> Authrntication </span><span style="font-family:仿宋;">认证（识别用户）<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:仿宋;"> Authorization </span><span style="font-family:仿宋;">授权<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:仿宋;"> Accouting </span><span style="font-family:仿宋;">审计<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:仿宋;"> </span><span style="font-family:仿宋;">·对于<span lang="EN-US">linux</span>来讲，用户有两类<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:仿宋;"> </span><span style="font-family:仿宋;">管理员：<span lang="EN-US">root ID 0<o:p></o:p></span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:仿宋;"> </span><span style="font-family:仿宋;">普通用户：<span lang="EN-US">ID 1-65535<o:p></o:p></span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:仿宋;"> </span><span style="font-family:仿宋;">系统组：<span lang="EN-US">1-499 centos 7 1-999<o:p></o:p></span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:仿宋;"> </span><span style="font-family:仿宋;">普通用户组<span lang="EN-US"> 500+ centos 7 1000+<o:p></o:p></span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:仿宋;"> </span><span style="font-family:仿宋;">·组用于实现将用户和某一类权限建立关联关系<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:仿宋;"> </span><span style="font-family:仿宋;">·我们操作计算机是依靠运行程序来实现的，进程十一发起者的身份去获取资源<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:仿宋;"> </span><span style="font-family:仿宋;">·普通用户的权限决定了<span lang="EN-US">cat</span>命令对资源的访问权限<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:仿宋;"> </span><span style="font-family:仿宋;">我们站在用户的角度，<span lang="EN-US">linux</span>中的组有两类<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:仿宋;"> </span><span style="font-family:仿宋;">用户的基本主（主组）：组名同用户名，且仅包含一个组：私有组<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:仿宋;"> </span><span style="font-family:仿宋;">用户的附加组（额外组）<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:仿宋;">linux</span></b><b><span style="font-family:仿宋;">用户和组的相关配置文件：<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:仿宋;"> /etc/passwd </span><span style="font-family:仿宋;">用户及属性信息<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:仿宋;"> </span><span style="font-family:仿宋;">·<span lang="EN-US">/etc/passwd</span>七个字段<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:仿宋;"> </span><span style="font-family:仿宋;">用户名<span lang="EN-US">:</span>密码占位符<span lang="EN-US">:UID:GID:GECOS(</span>用户附加信息<span lang="EN-US">):</span>用户家目录<span lang="EN-US">:</span>用户默认登录的<span lang="EN-US">shell<o:p></o:p></span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:仿宋;"> /etc/group </span><span style="font-family:仿宋;">用户组及其属性信息<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:仿宋;"> </span><span style="font-family:仿宋;">·<span lang="EN-US">/etc/group </span>四个字段<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:仿宋;"> </span><span style="font-family:仿宋;">组名：组密码占位符：组<span lang="EN-US">ID</span>：以当前组为附加组的用户列表（多个使用逗号隔开）<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:仿宋;"> /etc/shadow </span><span style="font-family:仿宋;">用户密码及其属性信息<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:仿宋;"> </span><span style="font-family:仿宋;">·<span lang="EN-US">/etc/shadow </span>九个字段<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:仿宋;"> ①</span><span style="font-family:仿宋;">登录名<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:仿宋;"> ②</span><span style="font-family:仿宋;">加密的密码<span lang="EN-US"> $</span>加密算法<span lang="EN-US">$salt</span>杂质<span lang="EN-US">$</span>加密的密码（<span lang="EN-US">$</span>作为）<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:仿宋;"> ③</span><span style="font-family:仿宋;">最近一次更改密码日期<span lang="EN-US"> </span>从<span lang="EN-US">1970.01.0100:00</span>至密码更改时经过的完整天数<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:仿宋;"> ④</span><span style="font-family:仿宋;">密码最小使用期限<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:仿宋;"> ⑤</span><span style="font-family:仿宋;">密码最大使用期限<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:仿宋;"> ⑥</span><span style="font-family:仿宋;">密码警告时间（快过期）<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:仿宋;"> ⑦</span><span style="font-family:仿宋;">密码禁用期（已过期，但是登录还能够修改密码）<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:仿宋;"> ⑧</span><span style="font-family:仿宋;">账号过期日期<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:仿宋;"> echo $(($date --date="2018/12/31"+%s )/86400+1))<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:仿宋;"> ⑨</span><span style="font-family:仿宋;">保留字段<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:仿宋;"> </span><span style="font-family:仿宋;">·密码最长有效期限和密码过期时间以短板为准<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:仿宋;"> /etc/gshadow </span><span style="font-family:仿宋;">组密码及其相关信息<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:仿宋;"> </span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><b><span style="font-family:仿宋;">用户和用户组的管理命令：<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><b><span style="font-family:仿宋;">组分类</span></b><span style="font-family:仿宋;">：组本身没有类型，看不同的用户，确定组的类型<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:仿宋;"> </span><b><span style="font-family:仿宋;">初始组</span></b><span style="font-family:仿宋;">：用户创建时，为用户指定的第一个组（有且只有一个）<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:仿宋;"> <b> </b></span><b><span style="font-family:仿宋;">私有组机制（缩小权限）</span></b><span style="font-family:仿宋;">：创建用户的时候，会先创建一个和用户名相同的用户组，并将该组指定为用户的初始组，保证一个文件只属于一个用户<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:仿宋;"> </span><b><span style="font-family:仿宋;">公共组机制</span></b><span style="font-family:仿宋;">：系统预先设定的组，该组的<span lang="EN-US">GID</span>为<span lang="EN-US">100</span>，以后创建的所有用户指定<span lang="EN-US">GID</span>为<span lang="EN-US">100</span>的组为初始组，用户创建的文件同时属于组中的其他用户（很多<span lang="EN-US">linux</span>发行版不再使用）<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:仿宋;"> <b> </b></span><b><span style="font-family:仿宋;">附加组</span></b><span style="font-family:仿宋;">：若用户加入到其他组内，则该组作为该用户的附加组（有且可以多个，可以没有）<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:仿宋;"> <b> GID</b></span><b><span style="font-family:仿宋;">：组唯一标识号<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:仿宋;"> ~]#tail -f /var/log/secure #</span><span style="font-family:仿宋;">动态查看用户添加时日志的记录情况，组先创建<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:仿宋;"> ~]#useradd [option] loginname #</span><span style="font-family:仿宋;">添加用户<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:仿宋;"> #</span><span style="font-family:仿宋;">创建用户的时候会自动创建一个与用户同名的用户组，叫做私有组。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:仿宋;"> #linux</span><span style="font-family:仿宋;">操作系统禁止密码登录在<span lang="EN-US">/etc/passwd</span>文件的第二列表现为<span lang="EN-US">"!!"<o:p></o:p></span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:仿宋;"> -u </span><span style="font-family:仿宋;">指定<span lang="EN-US">UID<o:p></o:p></span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent:31.5pt;mso-char-indent-count:3.0;"><span style="font-family:仿宋;">·<span lang="EN-US">[UID_MIN,UID_MAX]</span>于<span lang="EN-US">/etc/login_defs</span>配置文件中定义<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:仿宋;"> </span><span style="font-family:仿宋;">·如果不指定，则按照已存在的最大<span lang="EN-US">UID+1</span>进行自动指定<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:仿宋;"> -g </span><span style="font-family:仿宋;">指明用户所属的基本组，可为组名，也可为<span lang="EN-US">GID<o:p></o:p></span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:仿宋;"> -c </span><span style="font-family:仿宋;">添加用户的注释信息，可以为任意字符，有空格时需要以引号包含起来<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:仿宋;"> -d </span><span style="font-family:仿宋;">指明家目录的位置，不指定时在<span lang="EN-US">/home</span>目录下创建一个用户名同名的目录<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:仿宋;"> </span><span style="font-family:仿宋;">·如果指定的目录已经存在，则不会从<span lang="EN-US">/etc/skel</span>目录下复制模板文件，这些模板文件定义可用户的环境<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:仿宋;"> -s </span><span style="font-family:仿宋;">指明用户的默认<span lang="EN-US">shell</span>，不指定时有缺省值<span lang="EN-US">(/bin/bash)<o:p></o:p></span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:仿宋;"> /etc/defaults/useradd</span><span style="font-family:仿宋;">定义了添加用户时的缺省值<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:仿宋;"> /etc/shell </span><span style="font-family:仿宋;">保存了当前系统下的<span lang="EN-US">shell<o:p></o:p></span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:仿宋;"> -G </span><span style="font-family:仿宋;">为用户指明附加组，可以有多个附加组，使用逗号隔开，所指定的组必须事先存在<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:仿宋;"> -r </span><span style="font-family:仿宋;">创建系统用户，通常与<span lang="EN-US">-s /sbin/nologin</span>一起使用<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:仿宋;"> -D </span><span style="font-family:仿宋;">修改添加用户的缺省值，直接修改<span lang="EN-US">/etc/default/useradd</span>文件<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:仿宋;"> ~]#groupadd [option] group_name #</span><span style="font-family:仿宋;">添加一个指定用户组<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:仿宋;"> -g </span><span style="font-family:仿宋;">指定<span lang="EN-US">GID<o:p></o:p></span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:仿宋;"> ~]#gpasswd [option] GROUPNAME #</span><span style="font-family:仿宋;">不指定选项时修改指定组的组密码（<span lang="EN-US">root</span>执行）<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:仿宋;"> -a username groupname #</span><span style="font-family:仿宋;">将一个用户添加到指定组中<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:仿宋;"> -d username groupname #</span><span style="font-family:仿宋;">将一个用户从指定组中移除<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:仿宋;"> -M username1</span><span style="font-family:仿宋;">，<span lang="EN-US">username2.... groupname #</span>将多个用户添加到指定组中<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:仿宋;"> ~]#id [option] username #</span><span style="font-family:仿宋;">显示用户的真实有效的<span lang="EN-US">ID</span>和组的信息<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:仿宋;"> -u </span><span style="font-family:仿宋;">显示用户的<span lang="EN-US">UID<o:p></o:p></span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:仿宋;"> -g </span><span style="font-family:仿宋;">显示用户的<span lang="EN-US">GID</span>（只显示基本组）<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:仿宋;"> -G </span><span style="font-family:仿宋;">显示用户所有组的<span lang="EN-US">ID</span>（基本组和附加组）<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:仿宋;"> ~]#id-un USERNAME #</span><span style="font-family:仿宋;">显示用户的用户名<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:仿宋;"> ~]#id-gn USERNAME #</span><span style="font-family:仿宋;">显示用户的组名称<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:仿宋;"> ~]#id #</span><span style="font-family:仿宋;">查看当前用户的信息<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:仿宋;"> ~]#su [option] [-] USERNAME [ARGS...] #</span><span style="font-family:仿宋;">切换用户<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:仿宋;"> switch user </span><span style="font-family:仿宋;">切换用户或其他用户身份执行命令<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:仿宋;"> ~]#su USERNAME #</span><span style="font-family:仿宋;">非登录式切换，不读取用户的环境配置文件<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:仿宋;"> ~]#su - USERNAME #</span><span style="font-family:仿宋;">登录时切换，会读取目标用户的配置文件（完全切换）<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:仿宋;"> </span><span style="font-family:仿宋;">·<span lang="EN-US">root</span>用户切换到其他用户不需要密码<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:仿宋;"> ~]#su - USERNAME -c COMMAND #</span><span style="font-family:仿宋;">不切换到其他用户，以其他用户的身份执行命令<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:仿宋;"> -l </span><span style="font-family:仿宋;">相当于<span lang="EN-US">"-",</span>表示登录式切换<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:仿宋;"> </span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><b><span style="font-family:仿宋;">用户属性的修改：<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:仿宋;"> ~]#usermod [option] [logname] #</span><span style="font-family:仿宋;">修改已存在用户的信息<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:仿宋;"> -u </span><span style="font-family:仿宋;">指定新的<span lang="EN-US">UID<o:p></o:p></span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:仿宋;"> -g </span><span style="font-family:仿宋;">指定新的基本组<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:仿宋;"> -G </span><span style="font-family:仿宋;">制定新的附加组，原来的组将被覆盖<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:仿宋;"> -G-a </span><span style="font-family:仿宋;">一起使用为追加附加组<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:仿宋;"> -s </span><span style="font-family:仿宋;">修改默认<span lang="EN-US">shell<o:p></o:p></span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:仿宋;"> -c </span><span style="font-family:仿宋;">修改新的注释信息<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:仿宋;"> -d HOMEDIR </span><span style="font-family:仿宋;">指定新的家目录（不创建目录仅修改了配置文件）<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:仿宋;"> -m -dHOMEDIR </span><span style="font-family:仿宋;">创建新的家目录并移动原家目录下的文件<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:仿宋;"> -l loginname </span><span style="font-family:仿宋;">新的用户名<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:仿宋;"> -L USERNAME </span><span style="font-family:仿宋;">锁定用户，在<span lang="EN-US">/etc/shadow</span>文件密码段前加<span lang="EN-US">'!'<o:p></o:p></span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:仿宋;"> -U USERNAME </span><span style="font-family:仿宋;">解锁指定用户<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:仿宋;"> -e USERNAME</span><span style="font-family:仿宋;">指定账户被禁用的日期，格式：<span lang="EN-US">YY-MM-DD<o:p></o:p></span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:仿宋;"> ~]#usermod -e 2018-12-31 USERNAME #</span><span style="font-family:仿宋;">设置用户的过期期限<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" styl
03
Oct
7-linux基础-bash基础特性
<p class="MsoNormal"><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:11.0pt;">bash</span></b><b><span style="font-size:12.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:11.0pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">基础特性</span></b><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:11.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">·我们执行的命令是依靠</span><span lang="EN-US">shell</span><span style="font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">命令解释器执行的</span><span lang="EN-US">/bin/bash</span><span style="font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">，</span><span lang="EN-US">bash</span><span style="font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">是</span><span lang="EN-US">linux</span><span style="font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">下的标准</span><span lang="EN-US">shell<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">·</span><span lang="EN-US">shell</span><span style="font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">解释器中（命令行）的快捷操作：</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"> TAB</span><span style="font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">键</span><span lang="EN-US"> </span><span style="font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">命令和文件的补全</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"> Ctrl+L </span><span style="font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">清屏（</span><span lang="EN-US">clear</span><span style="font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">）</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"> Ctrl+U </span><span style="font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">从光标处删除到行首的内容（剪切）</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"> Ctrl+Y </span><span style="font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">粘贴最后一次次剪切的内容</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"> Ctrl+A </span><span style="font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">移动光标至行首</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"> Ctrl+E </span><span style="font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">移动光标至行尾</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"> Ctrl+C </span><span style="font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">强制退出命令的执行</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"> Ctrl+Z </span><span style="font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">将程序放入后台</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><b><span style="font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">命令历史：</span><span lang="EN-US">history<o:p></o:p></span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"> ~]#history #</span><span style="font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">查看命令历史</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"> ~]#echo$HISTFILESIZE #</span><span style="font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">查看命令历史的条数</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"> ~]#!! #</span><span style="font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">执行上一条命令</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"> ~]#!$ #</span><span style="font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">调用上一条命令的最后一个参数</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"> ESC+'.' #</span><span style="font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">调用上一条命令的最后一个参数在当前光标处，重复使用回调多个命令</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"> Alt+'.' #</span><span style="font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">调用上一条命令的最后一条参数到当前光标处，本地可以执行，远程不行</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><b><span style="font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">控制命令历史的记录方式：</span> <span lang="EN-US"> <o:p></o:p></span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"> ~]#echo$HISTCONTROL #</span><span style="font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">查看命令历史记录的方式</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"> ignoredups</span><span style="font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">忽略重复的命令</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"> ignorespace</span><span style="font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">忽略空格开头的命令</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"> ignoreboth</span><span style="font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">以上两种方式都生效</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><b><span style="font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">命令补全：</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent:10.55pt;mso-char-indent-count:1.0;"><b><span style="font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">直接补全</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent:21.0pt;"><span style="font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">敲一次</span><span lang="EN-US">tab</span><span style="font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">键，命令会自动补全（输入部分）</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent:10.5pt;mso-char-indent-count:1.0;"><span style="font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">列出相关的所有命令（当输入的部分不唯一时）</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"> </span><span style="font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">当输入不唯一时，连续敲两次</span><span lang="EN-US">tab</span><span style="font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">键，显示所有与输入相关的命令</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"> #bash</span><span style="font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">根据</span><span lang="EN-US">PATH</span><span style="font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">环境变量定义的路径自左向右在每个目录下搜索，第一次找到的即要执行的命令，找到以后以</span><span lang="EN-US">hash</span><span style="font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">的形式存储起来，下一次执行命令先去</span><span lang="EN-US">hash</span><span style="font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">表中寻找，需要注意的是，当命令路径缓存后，若是移动位置或者改名，则会报错，并且不会去</span><span lang="EN-US">PATH</span><span style="font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">路径下查询。</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"> </span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><b><span style="font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">路径补全：</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"> </span><span style="font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">将用户给出的字符串作为路径的开头，并在其指定路径的上一级目录下进行搜索，如果结果唯一则补全，如果结果不唯一则给出列表（按两次</span><span lang="EN-US">TAB</span><span style="font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">键）</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"> </span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><b><span style="font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">命令行展开：</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"> ~ </span><span style="font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">展开为家目录</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"> ~USERNAME </span><span style="font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">展开为指定用户的家目录</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"> {} </span><span style="font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">可承载以逗号分隔的列表，并将其展开为路径</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"> /tmp/{a,b,c} = /tmp/a /tmp/b /tmp/c<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><b><span style="font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">命令的执行状态结果</span><span lang="EN-US">:$?<o:p></o:p></span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"> ~]#echo $? #</span><span style="font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">输最近一条命令的执行状态结果</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"> </span><span style="font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">程序的执行有两类结果：</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"> </span><span style="font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">程序的返回值：执行结果</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"> </span><span style="font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">程序的执行状态结果</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><b><span style="font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">别名：</span><span lang="EN-US">alias<o:p></o:p></span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"> ~]#aliasname='value' #</span><span style="font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">定义别名，必须使用单引号</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"> #</span><span style="font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">命令行中设置只对当前</span><span lang="EN-US">shell</span><span style="font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">生效</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"> ~/.bashrc #</span><span style="font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">仅对当前用户生效</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"> /etc/bashrc #</span><span style="font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">对所有用户生效</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"> Tips</span><span style="font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">：写入配置文件不会立即生效，需要重新读取配置文件</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"> ~]#sourceFILENAME #</span><span style="font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">重新读取配置文件</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"> ~]#.FILENAME #</span><span style="font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">重新服务配置文件</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><b><span style="font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">撤销别名：</span></b><span lang="EN-US"><br /> ~]#unalias </span><span style="font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">别名</span><span lang="EN-US"> #</span><span style="font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">撤销别名</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"> -a</span><span style="font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">撤销所有别名</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"> </span><span style="font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">不执行别名，使用命令原有含义的方式：</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"> ~]#\COMMAND #</span><span style="font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">将别名转义</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"> </span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><b><span style="font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">文件名通配：</span></b><span lang="EN-US">bash</span><span style="font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">中用于实现文件名的通配机制</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"> ~]#whatisglob #</span><span style="font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">查看关于</span><span lang="EN-US">glob</span><span style="font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">的帮助文档</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">·通配符</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"> *</span><span style="font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">、？、</span><span lang="EN-US">[]<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"> *</span><span style="font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">任意长度的任意字符</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"> </span><span style="font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">？</span> <span style="font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">任意的单个字符</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"> [list]</span><span style="font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">匹配指定范围内的任意单个字符</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"> [0-9] </span><span style="font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">表示所有的数字，</span><span lang="EN-US">"-"</span><span style="font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">为连接符</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"> [A-Z] </span><span style="font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">大写字母</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"> [a-z] </span><span style="font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">小写字母</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"> [^] </span><span style="font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">匹配指定范围外的所有单个字符</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">·专用字符集（不包括范围指定符号</span><span lang="EN-US">"[ ]"</span><span style="font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">）</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"> [:alnum:] </span><span style="font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">任意数字或字母</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"> [:alpha:] </span><span style="font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">任意字母</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"> [:space:] </span><span style="font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">空格</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"> [:lower:] </span><span style="font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">小写字母</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"> [:digit:] </span><span style="font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">任意数字相当于</span><span lang="EN-US">0-9<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"> [:punct:] </span><span style="font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">标点符号</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"> ~]#ls/L*[0-9]*[[:lower:]] #</span><span style="font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">以</span><span lang="EN-US">L</span><span style="font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">开头，中间有一个数字</span> <span style="font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">，以小写字母结尾的文件</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><b><span lang="EN-US">bash</span></b><b><span style="font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">的</span><span lang="EN-US">I/O</span></b><b><span style="font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">重定向及管道</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"> </span><span style="font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">程序：指令</span><span lang="EN-US">+</span><span style="font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">数据</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"> </span><span style="font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">读入数据：</span><span lang="EN-US">input<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"> </span><span style="font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">输出数据：</span><span lang="EN-US">output<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"> </span><span style="font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">标准输入：默认（缺省）从键盘读入，描述符（</span><span lang="EN-US">IO</span><span style="font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">）：</span><span lang="EN-US">0<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"> </span><span style="font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">计算机识别文件、用户、进程、都是依靠数字（</span><span lang="EN-US">ID</span><span style="font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">）来实现的，我们用户看到的是文件名，但内核内部追踪文件时，对打开文件分配</span><span lang="EN-US">ID</span><span style="font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">，这个</span><span lang="EN-US">ID</span><span style="font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">称为文件描述符</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"> </span><span style="font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">打开的文件有一个</span><span lang="EN-US">fd</span><span style="font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">（</span><span lang="EN-US">filedescriptor</span><span style="font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">），程序运行结束时有数据输出，数据输出可以是文件，也可以是屏幕、打印机，所以它应当有一个默认位置。</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"> </span><span style="font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">标准输出：</span><span lang="EN-US">monitor</span><span style="font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">，监视器</span><span lang="EN-US"> </span><span style="font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">描述符</span><span lang="EN-US"> 1<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"> </span><span style="font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">错误标准输出：</span><span lang="EN-US">monitor</span><span style="font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">，监视器</span> <span style="font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">描述符</span><span lang="EN-US"> 2<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"> I/O</span><span style="font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">重定向：不从标准输入读取数据</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"> </span><span style="font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">不从标准输出输出数据</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent:10.5pt;mso-char-indent-count:1.0;"><span style="font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">改变默认位置即为重定向</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">·输出重定向</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"> COMMOND> new.pos #</span><span style="font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">覆盖重定向</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"> COMMAND>> new.pos #</span><span style="font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">追加重定向</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US">~]#set -C #</span><span style="font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">禁止将内容覆盖输出至已有文件</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US">~]#set +C #</span><span style="font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">允许将内容覆盖输出到已有文件</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">·错误的输出是单独的数据流，使用</span><span lang="EN-US">2></span><span style="font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">进行重定向</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"> ~]#cat/etc/fstab >| /tmp/fstab #</span><span style="font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">强制覆盖</span><span lang="EN-US">">|"<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent:10.5pt;mso-char-indent-count:1.0;"><span lang="EN-US">&> </span><span style="font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">合并数据流，覆盖重定向至一个文件</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent:10.5pt;mso-char-indent-count:1.0;"><span lang="EN-US">&>> </span><span style="font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">合并数据流，追加重定向至一个文件</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"> ~]#COMMAND> /path/to/file.out 2&>1 #</span><span style="font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">将</span><span lang="EN-US">2</span><span style="font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">（错误输出）覆盖定向到</span><span lang="EN-US">1</span><span style="font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">中</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"> ~]#COMMAND> /path/to/file.out 2&>1 #</span><span style="font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">将</span><span lang="EN-US">2</span><span style="font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">（错误输出）追加重定向至</span><span lang="EN-US">1<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">·输入重定向：</span><span lang="EN-US">< /path/to/somefile<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US">~]#tr [option] SET1 SET2 #</span><span style="font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">不支持跟文件，默认只从标准输入接收数据，将</span><span lang="EN-US">SET1</span><span style="font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">中的字符按位替换成</span><span lang="EN-US">SET2</span><span style="font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">中的字符</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"> -d </span><span style="font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">如果只有一个字符集，则删除出现在字符集中的字符</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US">~]#tr abc ABC </etc/fstab #</span><span style="font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">将</span><span lang="EN-US">/etc/fstab</span><span style="font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">中内容小写的</span><span lang="EN-US">abc</span><span style="font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">替换成</span><span lang="EN-US">ABC</span><span style="font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">，不改变原文件内容</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"> </span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">·</span><span lang="EN-US">'<<' </span><span style="font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">此处生成文档</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"> cat<<EFO #</span><span style="font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">从标准输入接收数据，以</span><span lang="EN-US">EFO</span><span style="font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">作为输入结束符，打印到屏幕</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"> cat>>/tmp/test.out<<EFO #</span><span style="font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">在此处生成文件</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">管道：</span><span lang="EN-US">'|' COMMADN1 |COMMAND2|COMMAND3<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"> ~]#tee[option] file #</span><span style="font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">一路输入两路输出</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"> #tee</span><span style="font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">是覆盖输出，可以再管道中截取数据</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">变量的类型：</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent:10.5pt;mso-char-indent-count:1.0;"><span style="font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">变量的类型决定了数据存储格式，存储空间大小，参与运算种类</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"> </span><span style="font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">·字符型</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent:10.5pt;mso-char-indent-count:1.0;"><span style="font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">·数值型</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"> </span><span style="font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">强类型编程语言：定义变量必须指定类型，参与运算的变量必须符合要求，调用未声明的变量将产生错误；</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"> </span><span style="font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">弱类型编程语言：可以不指定（</span><span lang="EN-US">shell</span><span style="font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">）类型，默认均为字符型，参与计算时会自动进行隐式转换，变量无需实现定义，可直接引用。</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"> </span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US">bash</span><span style="font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">中变量的种类（应用场景或作用域的划分）</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent:10.5pt;mso-char-indent-count:1.0;"><span style="font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">根据变量生效范围的标准</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent:10.5pt;mso-char-indent-count:1.0;"><span style="font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">·本地变量</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent:21.0pt;mso-char-indent-count:2.0;"><span style="font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">生效范围为当前</span><span lang="EN-US">shell</span><span style="font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">进程的生命周期，对当前</span><span lang="EN-US">shell</span><span style="font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">外的其他</span><span lang="EN-US">shell</span><span style="font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">进程，包括当前子</span><span lang="EN-US">shell</span><span style="font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">进程均无效。</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"> </span><span style="font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">·环境变量</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"> </span><span style="font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">生效范围为当前</span><span lang="EN-US">shell</span><span style="font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">进程及其子</span><span lang="EN-US">shell<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"> ~]#delare-x #</span><span style="font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">声明环境变量</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"> </span><span style="font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">·局部变量</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"> </span><span style="font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">生效范围为当前</span><span lang="EN-US">shell</span><span style="font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">进程中模块代码片段，这些代码是指函数。</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"> </span><span style="font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">·位置参数变量</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"> </span><span style="font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">使用</span><span lang="EN-US">$1/$2...</span><span style="font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">来表示，在脚本中调用通过命令传递给它的参数，对应调用第</span><span lang="EN-US">1/2</span><span style="font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">个参数</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US
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